Masters

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Open Access
Studies on the physico-chemical and bacteriological qualities on Njaba River in Nnenasa in Isu Njaba L.G.A of Imo State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2010-11) Ezerioha, Ethelbert
A comprehension analysis of a river system such as that of Njaba river reveals so much about physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a typical lotic aquatic ecosystem. An analysis of this river system was conducted between February and October, 2010 and so much findings were discovered as regards its physicochemical as well as bacteriological properties. Because a lot of external factors interplay on the quality of the river system, attention was place on these anthropogenic activities and water utilization patterns to ascertain environmental indicators that influence the status of its quality. Frequent environmental reconnaissance surveys were conducted based on samples collected from the river. Results obtained from laboratory analysis showed the Njaba River had high conductivity due to the presence of free ion acid radical. The presents of a high level of copper concentration was attributed to this. This had a lot of determine the kind of microbial activities predominant in the river system. The results obtained showed a high level of total coliform bacteria. Some of the anthropogenic activities attributed for this results included defecation. Solid waste disposal, cassava fermentation, washing of entrails from animals etc. it is recommended that appropriate monitoring techniques and laws be applied by the government so as to conserved these aquatic resources.
Open Access
Geotechnical assessment of Akpulu gully erosion site in Ideato North Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2013-02) Ikechukwu, Owette
This study was carried out to assess the surface processes and subsurface characteristics that contribute to the formation and expansion of gully erosion in Akpulu - Ideato North County, Imo State Nigeria. Part of Akpulu community especially Okwu village that is very close to the gully head may submerge in the next few years if control measures are not intensified. A gully measured 15-18 m deep, 9-12 m wide to 6.5 km long is advancing aggressively, threatening life, property, food production, and security of ecosystem in Akpulu and its environs. Analysis of soil samples collected from accessible portion of the gully depths of 3 m show peculiar geotechnical characteristics ranging from Liquid limits 27.5 – 30.4%, Plastic limits 17.35 – 22.75%, and Plasticity index 7.65-13.70%. The soil has highclay/silt content, with ranges of maximum dry density (2.01- 2.06g/m3), Optimum moisture content (12.1-13.4%), and average shear strength of 106.9KN/m2 It is easily erodible, as the silt gets dissolved by high velocity flood on 0.02 flow gradient. Expansion and maintenance of the main drainage channel from Umuchu to Akpakporo River in Apkulu is recommended. Secondary drainage channels to join the main channel, and increased trees planting from the gully head are also recommended.
Open Access
Assessment of x-ray radiation on x-ray workers and associated potential health problems in Owerri
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2013-06) Onyekaokwu, Okeke Cyriacus
A study on assessment of X-ray radiation among X-ray workers and associated potential health problems in Owerri was carried out with the thermolumolunescent dosimeter between 12th April to 30th December 2011. A total of 50 workers were used for the study. Comprising 24 male X-ray workers and 26 female X-ray workers. The mean X-ray dose below permissible doses is 9.4.7 the T-test is -4.29; the P-value is 0.000. The mean exposure factor is <100 is 88.52 and the standard deviation is 15.88, the standard error mean is 2.25, T-test is -5.11, P-value is 10.000 There is high doses above >20msv upto six test which involve 3 male x-ray workers and 3 female x-ray workers. The result of the study show high rate of hair loss, cancer, cataract, erthyma and sterility, each provide evidence of excess exposure of X-rays. Therefore it is recommended that workers should wear protective device e.g lead aprons, gonads cover during exposure to X-ray and also limit their exposure time
Open Access
Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of wells 1,2,3 & 4 in the "GERA" field, Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2014-02) Onwualu, Nneka Emelda
A sequence stratigraphic approach was employed to understand sediments penetrated in Gera Field situated in the Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Central Niger Delta Basin. The technique incorporates biostratigraphic and well log data in constructing a high resolution sequence stratigraphic framework for the field. The analysis of the above data sets enabled the subdivision of the transverse part of the stratigraphic column within the field into sequences and system tracts. Four 3rd order Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFS) and their intervening sequence boundaries (SB) were interpreted in the area. Three depositional sequences were interpreted within the field and were subdivided into transgressive systems tract and highstand systems tract. Four maximum flooding surfaces correlate with the 28.1Ma, 31.3Ma, 33.0Ma and 34.0Ma of the transgressive marker shales of the Niger Delta Chronostratigraphic Chart. The 28.1 million years (Ma) MFS (G. Opima Opima) with its distinct log signature, constitutes the regional seal rock while the different sequence boundaries act as excellent reservoirs of the field. Of the four sequence boundaries, only one was found to be truly Type-1 sequence boundary, while the other three could not be convincingly attributed to a Type-1 sequence boundary, since a lowstand systems tract does not overlie them. The age of sediments penetrated in Gera field is found to range from Early – Late Oligocene as deduced from the foram zonations of wells in the field.
Open Access
Patterns of diarrhoeal diseases in under-five children in Emekuku: A hospital-based study
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2014-04) Njoku, Chinonyerem John
This study was undertaken to determine the patterns of diarrhoeal diseases in under-5 children and the associated risk factors in Emekuku, Imo State, Nigeria. A matched pair case control study design with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was adopted. Cases were children with loose watery feces, pathologically diagnosed with diarrhoea by the physician. Each case was captured immediately after diagnosis by the physician and administered with the questionnaire. Controls were children diagnosed of any other disease other than diarrhoea. Both cases and controls were appropriately matched in terms of age, sex, and other determinants and enrolled from the outpatient and children’s wards of the Hospital. A total of 176 under-5 children were enrolled with 88 cases and 88 controls. The results showed that most cases of diarrhoea observed were acute (93.2%), while persistent diarrhoea accounted for 6.8%. Ninety five percent (95%) of diarrhoeal cases were watery, with mean number of stools/child/day being 4.3 times (SD 1.92). Of the 17 exposure variables analyzed, only age (6-11 month); breast feeding (complementary feeding) (P<0.001); birth weight, maternal employment (unemployed women); toilet type (pit toilet); hand washing with water only (P<0.001); use of rain water and crowding index were significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease occurrence observed in this studied. The study shows that diarrhoeal diseases are still prevalent in this area. Interventions on exclusive breast feeding, provision of improved toilet type, and education on appropriate hand washing methods and improved sanitation should be intensified.
Open Access
Impact of oil spillage on physicochemical quality parameters of Abonema creek water
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2014-11) Onwuagba, Chinwe Grace
The current study investigated the impact of oil spillage on Physicochemical Quality parameters of Abonema creek water. Water sample was collected with a container from 3 different locations which included the control site. The samples were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. Among other parameters analysed, conductivity(µs/cm2) (22000 – 29600),TDS (mg/L) (15400 – 20720), total petroleum hydrocarbon (mg/L) (0.001-1246.6) SO4-2(mg/L) (350 –510),Cl-(mg/L) (6900-8900), Pb2+(0.014 – 0.266 ), and alkalinity (mg/L) (65 – 75), where all above recommended WHO standard. This implies that the river is polluted by the discharge of effluent from petroleum exploration activities. Water sample from the affected site was more higher than that of the control. Companies should not wait until a spill is out of hand before a cleanup intervention; timely cleanup exercise should be encouraged.
Open Access
A Review of economic potentials of the river port of Onitsha
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-02) Okonkwo, Chukwuka
Inland waterways are one sector of transportation that has been grossly underutilized the world over, despite being one of the earliest form of transportation and facilitator of trade between people. This study aims to review the economic potentials of the Onitsha inland river port. The study adopted a mixed method research design as data were sourced from the secondary source (NIWA, NPA statistical bulletins & journals) and primary source using a well-structured likert modelled questionnaires administered to about 50 respondents. The data gathered were subjected to analysis using tools such as Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Time series modeller and Trend analysis with the aid of AHP calculator and IBM Statistics Package for Social Scientists (SPSS V21) computer software. The findings depicts that the volume of import cargos from seaports destined for the southeast states which forms the hinterland for the river port shows a significant positive trend estimated by the linear regression line Y = 14075X – 18057. The time series modeller used to analyze the cargo trend series shows an acceptable value of R-squared and stationary R-squared of 72.3% and a mean average percentage error of 50.066%, indicating that the present are approximately 50% short of predicted volume by trend. The AHP results indicate that inland waterways (0.5276), road (trucking) (0.2527) and air (0.2197) in that order are the preferred mode of freight movement for logistics operators in the south east if presented with alternatives. The following factors in descending order forms the basis of their choice of freight means; safety (0.6026), timeliness (0.1822), costs (0.1174), efficiency (0.0691) and carrying capacity (0.0286). In conclusion, the southeast bound import cargoes from the seaports can well serve the Onitsha river port and are even short of their projected volume for the time period under study. It was recommended that the government should ensure continuous dredging of inland waterways and river banks to ensure all round navigability of the waterways. Government or future concessionaires of Onitsha river port should ensure installation of handling and storage facilities for bulk agricultural products like grain storage silos, pumps and tanks for vegetable oil, etc. to ensure the river port is capable of handling shipments of bulk agricultural products.
Open Access
Organic petrology of campano-maastrichtian sediments in the Agbogugu-Leru axis, Anambra Basin, South Eastern Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-02) Obiukwu, Emenike Onyedikachi
Ten rock (n=10) samples were subjected to various geochemical analyses to determine organic petrology and paleoenvironment of early Cretaceous sediments in parts of the southern Anambra Basin. The procedure for the determination of the Total Organic Matter content and Rock Eval pyrolysis were achieved using LECO 600 analyzer with a TOC module. Extractible Organic Matter was determined by the use of Soxhlet Extractor while the biomarker distribution was ascertained with the Gas Chromatography. The results reveal that the Total Organic Content (TOC) of shale samples recovered from the Enugu Shale ranged from 0.72 to 4.94 wt % with an average of 2.64 wt %. Samples recovered from the Mamu Formation have TOC values ranging between 0.76 to 2.11 wt % with an average value of 1.49 wt %. These values essentially exceeded the threshold value of TOC ≥ 0.5 wt % requirements for shale rocks to qualify as petroleum source rocks. The values are therefore, suggestive of good to very good sources rocks. The Hydrogen Index (HI) values of sediments from Enugu Shale ranged between 43 to 547 mgHC/gTOC with an average value of 185.65 mgHC/gTOC, while those recovered from sections of the Mamu Formation have HI value of 27 to 54 mgHC/gTOC with an average value of 39.45 mgHC/gTOC. The corresponding Oxygen Index (OI) values ranging between 15 to 106 mgCO2/gTOC was recorded for Enugu Shale sediments with an average value of 59.2 mgCO2/gTOC. The analyzed sediments of the Mamu Formation on the other hand, revealed values of the range of 26 to 86 mgCO2/gTOC, with average of 49.4 mgCO2/gTOC. These results showed that the Enugu and Mamu Formation sediments are dominated by type III kerogen and mixed type II/III kerogens. The maximum Temperature (Tmax) ranged from 424 to 4390C with an average of 4320C and 417 to 4410C with an average of 4310C for sediments from the Enugu and Mamu Formations, respectively. These temperature values are indicative of immature to transitionally early mature source rocks. The dominant vitrinite maceral group in the analyzed shale samples ranged between 39 to 59 %; Inertnites, between 11 to 18 % while the liptinites ranged between 9 to 21 %. These bio facies in the shale samples from the Enugu and Mamu Formations were derived from the structural parts of plants that are deficient in hydrogen. The sediments are thus deposited in a suboxic but low PH paleo-depositional environment containing moderately to fairly rich organic matter. This source rock has the potential to generate gas rather than oil given sufficient maturity.
Open Access
Comparative economic analysis of compressed natural gas and automotive gas oil as automobile fuels
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-06) Ubani, Uzodinma Byron
Comparative economic analysis of the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and the use of AGO for power generation was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running CNG-powered vehicles were obtained for the study. Separate economic analyses of running the CNG-powered vehicles and running AGO vehicles were performed. The initial capital cost for CNG project amounted to N4.31 million and that for diesel was N3.60 million while the annual operating cost for CNG is N1.47 million and that for diesel is N2.98 million. This difference in the capital costs is basically due to the addition of the extra parts and connections to convert the AGOl powered vehicle to a bi-fuel-powered vehicle which would be able to use CNG as fuel. The difference in the operating costs is due to the fact that the costs of the two fuels are not the same. The net revenue for CNG is N2.85 million while that for diesel is N1.34 million. This difference in net revenues is resultant from the difference in their gross revenues resultant from the difference in operating costs. Figures in the text were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 1.45 years for CNG and 2.7 years for diesel respectively. The NPV and other parameters that make up the project economics were estimated for CNG and diesel. The NPV for CNG at an expected rate of return of 10% is N17.56 million while for AGO, the NPV is N5.86 million. The summary of the result of the calculations of all the parameters examined for both CNG and diesel was also presented. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that using CNG for powering vehicles is more profitable than using AGOl.
Open Access
An efficient predictive model for choosing mobile cellular service provider in Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-07) Ohuabunwa, Augustine Ebere
Free competition and new network technology have increased competition and widened the range of network service available throughout the world. However, for cellular network service providers, loyalty is a rare trait among customers when it comes to choosing a particular mobile cellular system provider. Despite the huge financial commitment by companies into their respective communication technologies, users ultimately make decisions based on their perceived quality of service (QoS). This thesis attempts to identify the factors affecting the Quality of Service of cellular mobile network providers in Nigeria and put their effect in quantifiable terms using four leading telecommunication firms viz. MTN-Nigeria, Globacom, Etisalat and Airtel. With a clear choice of information sources, regressional analysis and SPSS was utilized. It was discovered that six factors affect the quality of service of cellular mobile network: Network coverage/ Availability of service(X5), Call quality(X3), Price of service (X4) , Customer care(X2), Diversity of bundle option of service (X1) and Promotion/Offering of Incentive(X6). A predictive model was derived as : Y = 3.731+0.565X5 + 0.440X3 + 0.221X2+ 0.189X4 + 0.165X1 + 0.097X6.The significance of the factors X4, X1 , X2 and X6 depend on X5 and X3, hence Y = 3.731(1+0.1514 X5+0.1179 X3).
Open Access
Forced vibration analysis of rectangular clamped plate subjected to hydrostatic loads
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri., 2015-07) Adeduntan, Kolawole Sunday.
This study presents forced vibration analysis of rectangular clamped plate subjected to hydrostatic load. Galerkin’s equilibrium equation of plate under forced vibration was used. Orthogonal polynomial deflection equation of a plate under hydrostatic load was also used. The deflection equation was substituted into the Galerkin equation and integrated within the closed domain. After integration, the natural frequency of the plate was determined for free vibration. The coefficient of the deflection for the various cases of forced vibration was also determined. Different percentages (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) of the fundamental natural frequency were used as various forcing frequencies. With these frequencies, this study obtained deflection, bending moment and shear force of the plate for different values of aspect ratios (p=a/b), where a and b are the plate dimensions along x and y-axes. The values of fundamental natural frequency obtained were compared with those from Ventsel and Krauthemmer, Galin and Janich. For a square plate, the fundamental natural frequency obtained is 35.9982Hz and those of Ventsel and Krauthemmer, Galin and Janich are 36.3485Hz, 36.000Hz and 37.2500Hz respectively. For the same square plate, the mid span deflection using 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of fundamental natural frequency are 0.00131m, 0.00164m, 0.00218m, 0.00327m and 0.00655m respectively. The edge bending moments of the square plate for same forcing frequencies are 0.0503KNm, 0.0621KNm, 0.0828KNm, 0.1257KNm and 0.2513KNm respectively. It was observed that deflection, bending moment and shear force increase as the forcing frequency increases.
Open Access
Assessment of water quality of the Ogu Creek impacted by seaport activities in Onne, near Port Harcourt, Rivers State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-12) Agbonikhena, Asuenime Nasiru
The physicochemical parameters of the Ogu Creek serving the Onne Port of the Nigerian Ports Authority in Port Harcourt, which is impacted by Port transport activities were investigated in September 2011 at 6 sampling points. In situ measurements were made for water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, and conductivity using HORIBA U-10 Water Quality Checker and for total dissolved solids (TDS) with HACH conductivity/TDS meter. Other parameters were determined using standard methods of APHA. Water samples were collected in replicates with 2 litres plastic containers and transferred to the laboratory in iced-coolers for analysis. The test of homogeneity in mean variance was used to determine spatial variation in the physicochemical variables, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) used to explore the interrelationship existing between the parameters. Mean parameters were observed as follows: temperature 28.25 ± 0.12 °C, pH 6.02 ± 0.20, salinity 36.32 ± 0.12 ‰, DO 3.38 ± 0.14 mg/L, BOD 1.74 ± 0.21 mg/L, TSS 25.05 ± 2.45 mg/L, TDS 53.60 ± 5.75 mg/L, turbidity 81.23 ± 5.22 NTU, alkalinity 17.92 ± 1.61 mg/L, conductivity 1815.00 ± 238.24 µS/cm, total petroleum hydrocarbons 2.10 ± 0.15 mg/L, NO3-3.62 ± 0.36 mg/L, PO42-2.59 ± 0.38 mg/L, SO4 2-78.07 ±8.70 mg/L, Cl95.55 ± 16.66 mg/L, Al 0.95 ± 0.08 mg/L, Cd 0.022 ± 0.011 mg/L, Cr 0.05 ± 0.01mg/L, Cu 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/L, Fe 2.67 ± 0.38 mg/L and Pb 0.030 ± 0.009 mg/L. The lower ranges of pH, the upper ranges of Al and Fe, and Cd and Cu levels were outside permissible limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment for aquatic life. The control sampling location recorded highest concentrations in several of the variables, even as there was marked spatial heterogeneity [F(8.41)
Open Access
Comparative analysis of rice husk ash and saw dust ash on tensile strengths of concrete
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-12) Ezenkwa, Chidiebere Sampson
This study focuses on the comparative analysis of rice husk ash (RHA) and saw dust ash (SDA) on tensile strengths of concrete. RHA and SDA were obtained from open burning. The physical properties and chemical composition of the ashes were investigated. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with RHA, SDA, and RHA-SDA at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Concrete mix design was done using SCALE149 (Structural Calculations Ensemble) Software. Nine concrete cylinders of dimension 150×300mm with 100% OPC or 0% replacement with pozzolan were produced. Eighty one concrete cylinders were also produced for each of the percentage replacement of OPC with RHA, SDA, RHA-SDA, making a total of 252 concrete cylinders. The concrete cylinders were cured by immersion and tested for split tensile strength at 28, 90, and 150 days. The results showed that RHA is a better pozzolana with combined (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe203) of 87.67% compared to SDA which was 50.03% . The Split tensile strength decreased with increasing RHA, SDA, and RHA-SDA OPC percentage replacement. Laboratory values of 0.86N/mm2 and 0.78N/mm2 were obtained at 5% and 10% RHA-OPC replacement, 0.77N/mm2 and 0.58N/mm2 were obtained at 5% and 10% SDA-OPC replacement. Similarly, 0.82N/mm2 and 0.64N/mm2 were obtained at 5% and 10% RHA-SDA-OPC replacement. Split tensile strength of concrete with RHA, SDA, and RHA-SDA were lower at early age of curing but improved at later ages of curing. For example, at 5% RHA-OPC replacement, 1.42N/mm2 and 1.85N/mm2 were obtained at 90 and 150 days of curing. At 5% SDA-OPC replacement, 1.28N/mm2 and 1.65N/mm2 were obtained at 90 and 150 days of curing. Similarly, at 5% RHA-SDA-OPC replacement, 1.35N/mm2 and 1.66N/mm2 were obtained at 90 and 150 days of curing, as against 1.34N/mm2 and1.61N/mm2 attained by the control at 90 and 150 days of curing. Models were developed to predict the tensile strengths of concrete containing RHA and SDA as binary and ternary blend with OPC at varying percentage replacements and curing ages. The models were tested and found to be adequate.
Open Access
The impact of gas flaring fallout on cassava flour dried around gas flaring sites in Delta State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-12) Ikwuakolam, Innocent Maduabuchi
This study investigated the impact of gas flaring fallout on cassava flour (Tapioca/kpokpo garri) dried around gas flaring sites in Delta State was undertaken. The test samples used for the analysis were obtained from a farm at Ogbe Avenue off PTI Road; Effurun. Three (3) samples A, B and C were obtained. Sample A was dried at PAN OCEAN flare site Oghara, while sample B was dried at AGIP flare site Kwale and sample C, which is the control was dried in an oven in the laboratory. The processed (dried) samples were analyzed for Nickel, Vanadium, zinc, arsenic, iron, copper and Carbon deposit, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Titrimetric Method. Nickel was 0.3ppm, zinc 0.001 ppm, arsenic 0.80ppm, copper 0.01ppm, iron 0.39ppm and that of vanadium was 0.03ppm; sample B, nickel was also 0.37ppm, zinc 0.001ppm, arsenic 0.9ppm, copper 0.02ppm, iron 0.29ppm and vanadium was 0.04ppm. However, that of carbon deposit had 6.85ppm in sample A and 8.32ppm in sample B. The Crowcon Gasman Air Monitor that had been pre-calibrated using air cylinder standard was used in the direct detection of oxides of sulphur, oxides nitrogen, volatile organic compounds and ozone (SOx, NOx, VOC and O3) 0.001, 0.01, 0.018, 03 respectively. In-situ test was used to measure the ambient air around the flaring stack. Hand-held Testrel 4500 weather Tracker, a high precision in-situ weather monitoring equipment was used in the determination of ambient temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. The study was carried out at the sampling points and the readings were obtained. It was noticed that all the samples analyzed were within the permissible limit. Though the analysed parameters were within permissible limits, constant monitoring should be done.
Open Access
Environmental impact of marine transportation on the Ogu-Bonny channel in Onne river state
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-12) Akeredolu, Ayodeji Owojori
The physicochemical characteristics of the Ogu-Bonny Channel serving the Onne Port, as well as some shipping transport activities that could constitute pollution in the Channel were investigated during the wet season of 2011 at three sampling locations. In situ measurements were made for water temperature, turbidity, conductivity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) with HORIBA U-10 Water Quality Checker and for total dissolved solids (TDS) with HACH conductivity/TDS meter. Water samples were collected in replicates with 2 litres plastic container and transferred to the laboratory in iced-coolers for analysis. The test of homogeneity in mean variance was used to determine spatial variation in the physicochemical variables, and the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) to explore the interrelationship between the parameters and shipping transport activities. Water temperature varied between 28.50-28.90 (28.68 ± 0.07) °C, turbidity between 69.00-92.50 (81.16 ± 4.83) NTU, and salinity between 35.20-36.72 (36.13 ± 0.25) %o. DO varied between 0.85 and 1.84 (1.21 ± 0.18), BOD between 2.05 and 3.61 (3.21 ± 0.30), PO42-between 0.002 and1.050 (0.378 ± 0.227), SO42-between 21.70 and 100.00 (76.78 ± 14.31), and NO3-between 2.10 and 3.60 (2.89 ± 0.28) mg/L. However, the trace metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Hg and Cu) varied between 0.60-3.07 (1.71 ± 0.55), 0.00-0.02 (0.01 ± 0.003), 0.02-0.40 (0.14 ± 0.07), 0.000-0.002 (0.002 ± 0.000), and 0.02-0.16 (0.06 ± 0.03) mg/L, respectively. Fe, Zn and Cu levels were outside permissible limits for aquatic life by the Federal Ministry of Environment. Sampling location B recorded highest concentrations in several of the variables, though there was spatial homogeneity [F(1.73) < Fcrit(3.92)] at P<0.05. Of the shipping transportation activities, garbage generation on board accounted for the highest waste volume (97.13%), even as bilging significantly influenced hardness (r=0.992; P<0.01), and bunkering influenced Pb level (r=0.948), accidental dumping of effluents influenced water temperature (r=0.881), and fish trawling and deliberate dumping of effluents influenced DO (r=0.896 and 0.957, respectively) at P<0.05. It is recommended that regulatory agencies should enforce environmental laws to prevent the Port from getting seriously polluted.
Open Access
Statistical models for predicting compressive strength and density of sandstone concrete
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-12) Ejiogu, Emeka Kingsley
This thesis developed statistical models for predicting compressive strength and density of sandstone concrete. The materials used in the laboratory experiment are water, Ordinary Portland Cement, river sand and sandstone. Forty-four (44) mix ratios were developed from eleven (11) solid mix ratios and four water-cement ratios (0.45, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.6). A total of one hundred and thirty-two (132) concrete cubes were cast for compressive strength test, comprising of three cubes per mix ratio. The Saturated surface dry (SSD) densities of the concrete cubes were determined. Using Ibearugbulem‟s regression method, the first twenty-two (22) mix ratios were used to determine the coefficients of the regression while the remaining twenty-two (22) mix ratios were used to validate the models. The results show that, optimum compressive strength of the sandstone concrete obtained from experiment at 28 days is 24.18 N/mm2 and corresponds to 0.6:1:2.5:3.5 mix ratio (for water, cement, sand and sandstone respectively) while the optimum value predicted by the statistical model is 22.55 N/mm2 corresponding to the same mix ratio. The maximum SSD density of the sandstone concrete obtained from experiment at 28 days is 2592.59Kg/m3 and corresponds to 0.6:1:1.75:4.25 mix ratio while the statistical model predicted maximum value of 2567.7Kg/m3 for the same mix ratio. The compressive strength was found to increase as the water/cement ratio increases and fine/coarse aggregate ratio decreases. Also, high water/cement ratio and low fine/coarse aggregate ratio resulted in high densities. Theresults from the models compared favorably with the corresponding experimental results. Predictions from the models were tested with the statistical Fisher test and found to be reliable at 95% confidence level. With the models developed, any desired compressive strength or SSD density of sandstone concrete can be predicted if the mix proportions are known and vice versa.
Open Access
Relating plant morphological traits to uprooting resistance in erosion control: A case study in Nguzu-Edda, Ebonyi State
(Federal University of Technology,Owerri., 2016-01) Nwite, Stanley Aloh
The strength with which a plant resists uprooting in form of erosion is influenced by a number of morphological traits such as root form, the proportion of fine lateral roots, the stem basal diameter and the root biomass. However, it is unknown exactly what characteristics best promote plant stability. Few works have been done in this regard. This study relates plant morphological traits with resistance to uprooting by erosion. The case study selected for this research is the eroded land of Nguzu Edda in Ebonyi State, South Eastern-Nigeria where soils are subjected to harsh water erosion resulting in concentrated flows uprooting small plants. Several lateral uprooting tests were carried out to determine the uprooting forces for twelve plant species. In addition, measurements of above ground / underground traits of juvenile plants growing in the case study area were also carried out. Statistical analytical methods such as Analysis of Variance, Discriminant Analysis, Multiple range tests, multiple regressions were employed in the investigation. From results of analysis, plant maximum uprooting force ,FMAX, was found to have a linear positive relationship with stem basal diameter, D, for all the species. The twelve (12) species studied were classified into two resistance groups based on their resistance to uprooting. The resistance group consisting of plant species such as Oxytenthera abyssinica(bamboo), Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Milicia excelsa(African Teak) associated with high values of root slenderness ratio (21.43, 71.5,72.0), relative root volume {0.62,0.5,0.22}cm3 /cm, relative root dry weight {0.36,0.28,0.11} g/cm, percentage tap root dry weight{0.15,0.50,0.88}, root density{0.58,0.56,0.50}g/cm3 ;low values of specific root length {3.38, 3.59 ,3.04}cm/g and low values of percentage fine root{45.5,36.0,42.0}% were most suitable as they yielded high resistance to uprooting. The relationship between plant resistance to uprooting and morphological traits were found to be non linear in nature for both resistance groups irrespective of growth form. Hence, it is recommended that those plant species with high resistance to uprooting are suitable for use in erosion mitigation, flood control and land reclamation. Also hybrids and clones of plants with desirable traits of high values of root slenderness ratio, relative root dry weight, percentage tap root dry weight, root density and low values of specific root length and percentage fine roots are suitable for breeding as vegetation to mitigate erosion, control flood and reclaim land. The findings of this research will be beneficial to those using vegetation to mitigate erosion and control flood.
Open Access
Effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal (Zingiber Officinale) on broiler performance, serum lipid profile and carcass quality
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2016-03) Agu, Ekene Cletus
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal (Zingiber officinale) on broiler performance, serum lipid profile and carcass quality. One hundred and eighty (180) day old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were used, and divided randomly into 4 treatment groups, comprising 45 birds each and further subdivided into 3 replicates (15 birds/replicate). Each group was fed one of 4 formulated diets containing ginger meal at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, at starter and finisher stages, for 8 weeks in a completely randomized design. At the termination of the experiment, 20 birds (5 birds per treatment) were selected, sacrificed and used for analyses of serum lipid profile, haematological constitution and post mortem microbial load on the meat. Results showed no significant (P > 0.05) effects of dietary ginger meal inclusion on live-weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) while high density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 0.4% ginger meal dietary treatment group. No significant effect (P > 0.05) was found on the ether extract of broiler meat associated with ginger meal inclusion in the diet. The haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, total white blood cell and neutrophil were significantly increased (P < 0.05), but the lymphocyte was significantly reduced. Where the red blood cell, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and platelet were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary ginger meal inclusion. Heavy bacteria growth of Salmonella species were observed in the broiler meat left after 10 hours of slaughter in all groups, including the control. Significant difference on organ proportion was observed only in the neck at 0.4% ginger meal level (P < 0.05). The 0.4% ginger meal treated group was significantly higher in dressing percentage (P < 0.05). Meat juiciness, flavour and hedonic score were not affected by ginger meal dietary treatment; however, meat tenderness was significantly higher at 0.4% and 0.6% ginger meal levels (P < 0.05) when compared to the control. Dietary inclusion of ginger meal in broiler diets within the levels reported in this study had positive effects on lipoprotein level and organoleptic quality of meat. It is therefore concluded and recommended that the dietary inclusion of ginger meal at 0.4% or 0.6% levels in broiler diets should be encouraged and adopted by poultry producers since it significantly increased broilers‘ serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level, dressing percentage, carcass weight and meat tenderness.
Open Access
Assesment of heavy metal contamination and hydrocarbon content in selected aquatic resources in great Qua River, Calabar Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2016-04) Etinosa-Okankan, Osarenaye Peter
Assessment of heavy metal contamination and hydrocarbon content in selected aquatic organism in the Great Qua River was studied. The Great Qua River receives effluents from industries, human settlement, nearby farms and runoff from towns. Water, sediment and aquatic biota (Typanotonous fuscatus, Macrobrachium macrobrachion and Notropis atherinoides) obtain from the Great Qua River was analyzed for heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content (THC). The mean heavy metal concentration values in water across stations were in the range: (Cd), 0.012±0.06 – 0.087±0.06 mg/l; (Cr), 0.017±0.06 – 0.316±0.06 mg/l; (Mn), 0.067±0.02 – 0.071±0.06 mg/l; (Ni), 0.013±0.06 – 0.083±0.01 mg/l; (Cu), 0.092±0.06 – 0.113±0.06 mg/l; (Pb), 0.064±0.12 – 0.081±0.06 mg/l; (Zn), 0.022±0.06 – 0.098±0.06 mg/l; (Fe) 0.048±0.029 – 0.082±0.06 mg/l. The mean heavy metal concentration in sediment were in the range: (Cr), 0.053±0.06 - 0.193±0.06 mg/kg; (Cd), 0.152±0.06 – 0.188±0.06 mg/kg; (Mn), 0.096±0.06 - 0.185±0.06 mg/kg; (Ni), 0.112±0.06 – 0.782±0.06 mg/kg; (Cu) 0.145±0.06 – 0.167±0.06 mg/kg; (Pb), 0.075±0.06 – 0.098±0.06 mg/kg; (Zn), 0.164±0.06 – 0.179±0.06 mg/kg; (Fe), 0.150±0.06 – 0.377±0.06 mg/kg. The mean heavy metal concentration in Macrobrachium macrobrachion were in the range: (Cr), 0.012±0.06 – 0.019±0.06 mg/kg; (Cd) 0.043±0.06 – 0.681±0.06 mg/kg; (Mn), 0.015±0.06 – 0.314±0.06 mg/kg; (Ni), 0.044±0.06 – 0.073±0.06 mg/kg; (Cu), 0.113±0.06 – 0.275±0.06 mg/kg; (Pb), 0.042±0.06 – 0.108±0.06 mg/kg; (Zn), 0.201±0.06 – 0.369±0.06 mg/kg. The mean heavy metal concentration in Typanotonus fuscatus were in the range: (Cr), 0.057±0.06 – 0.120±0.06 mg/kg; (Cd), 0.049±0.06 – 0.169±0.06 mg/kg; (Mn) 0.163±0.01 – 0.241±0.06 mg/kg; (Ni), 0.183±0.06 – 0.215±0.06 mg/kg;(Cu) 0.155±0.06 – 0.179±0.06 mg/kg; (Pb), 0.144±0.06 – 0.147±0.06 mg/kg; (Zn), 0.106±0.06 –0.217±0.06 mg/kg; (Fe), 0.163±0.06 – 0.247±0.06 mg/kg. The mean heavy metal concentration in Notropis atherinoides were in the range: (Cr), 0.011±0.06 – 0.137±0.06 mg/kg; (Cd), 0.133±0.06 – 0.86±0.06 mg/kg; (Mn), 0.082±0.06 – 0.195±0.06 mg/kg; (Ni), 0.029±0.06 – 0.267±0.06 mg/kg; (Cu), 0.106±0.06 – 0.129±0.06 mg/kg; (Pb), 0.138±0.06 – 0.203±0.06 mg/kg; (Zn), 0.123±0.06 –0.207±0.06 mg/kg; (Fe), 0.111±0.06 – 0.337±0.06 mg/kg. The results showed that the mean heavy metal concentration statistically differ significantly across stations in all samples analysed when compared to control (P<0.05) except in the case of cadmium (Cd) in water and Iron (Fe) insediment and T. fuscatus where there was no statistical significance when compared to control (P>0.05). The profile of heavy metal bioaccumulated was in the order Typanotonous fuscatus>Macrobrachium macrobrachion>sediment>Notropis atherinoides>water. The mean THC value in water were in the range: 0.215±0.06 – 0.395±0.06 mg/l; sediment, 0.379±0.06 - 0.481±0.06 mg/kg; Macrobrachium macrobrachion, 0.106±0.06 – 0.167±0.06 mg/kg; Notropis atherinoides, 0.0063±0.06 – 0.288±0.06 mg/kg and Typanotonus fuscatus, 0.142±0.06 –0.157±0.06 mg/kg.The total hydrocarbon content statistically differ significantly in all samples analysed across stations (P<0.05) and the order of THC bioaccumulation was in the order sediment>water>N. atherinoides>T.fuscatus>M. macrobrachion. The result from the correlation analysis between heavy metals, THC and physicochemical properties revealed that there was a perfect relationship between the uptake of these heavy metals / hydrocarbons by these aquatic organisms and the physicochemical properties of the water. Apart from Mn, Zn and Fe that were below the WHO acceptable limit, all other metals analysed were slightly above the WHO acceptable limit. The THC values in all samples analysed were above the WHO acceptable limit. These suggest that the river has been polluted by anthropogenic activities around its environs. Close monitoring of pollution stress, public enlightenment and appropriate laws should be put in place to avert possible metal and hydrocarbon compound induced health hazards from the consumption of the aquatic biota from the river.
Open Access
Noise levels, traffic flow in Port Harcourt Metropolis and validation of calixto mathematical noise prediction model
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2016-04) George, Daye Mandy Clement
Noise levels in selected locations in Port Harcourt metropolis, was assessed using field measurements and Calixto mathematical model. This was carried out in 10 different locations around the city using an Extech model 407780A integrated sound level meter, and Garmin eTrex HC GPS for geo-referencing. Measurements were carried out at various periods of the day (Morning, afternoon, evening and night). Calixto mathematical model was also applied to predict noise levels after counting the number of vehicular flow in a day at the located sites. Pearsons‟ product moment correlation (r) was employed to compare the Leq measured with the Leq calculated, and single factor anova was used to ascertain any significant difference in noise levels in the monitored locations, while the results were validated using descriptive statistics. Results obtained showed that equivalent noise levels for the studied locations were all higher than the recommended standard by World Health Organization (WHO). Day-time and night-time noise levels were also obtained and used to ascertain the noise quality description of the city. The results also revealed that the day time mean equivalent noise level of the city were all of hazardous quality in the busy road junction/major intersections (95.99dB (A)), passenger loading bus stops (95.82dB (A)), and commercial areas (94.04dB (A)), while that of the residential areas were all of good quality, 56.27dB (A) and 58.80dB (A) for low and high density residential areas, respectively. Similarly, the night time noise levels were all of hazardous quality with values of 98.81dB (A), 92.17dB (A) and 85.36dB (A) for busy road junctions, passenger loading bus stop and commercial areas in that order. The residential areas also had satisfactory quality of 58.29 and 63.90dB (A) respectively for low and high density areas. Day-night time noise levels were very high. The night time which would have served as recovery time for people who were exposed to noise were lacking in these areas. The Pearsons‟ product moment correlation ( r) for all the periods of the day studied, showed that there was a strong relationship or association between them, as the values obtained were close to unity (1). The result of descriptive statistics showed that the mean ± SD, coefficient of variance and standard errors were very close to each other and comparable, indicating the accuracy of the method. Validation was further confirmed by the low values of standard deviation, coefficient of variance and standard error. The result also revealed that there was statistically significant difference in the level of noise exposure at different locations studied (P<0.05). It is recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise levels should make sure they have at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65dB (A). The authority should improve the traffic situation in the city so as to prevent traffic build up in areas with high noise levels.