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Item Open Access Improved IOT-based weather monitoring system for effective farming(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-11) Ogbonna, Francisca ChinwenduAgriculture serves as the backbone of numerous global economies, and its success heavily relies on weather conditions. The conventional weather monitoring systems often involves lack of realtime updates, manual data collection, limited coverage and elevated cost to maintain the infrastructure which hinders their adoption in agricultural settings. These limitations highlight the need for an affordable, automated and efficient weather monitoring solution which leverages IoT technology to assist farmers in mitigating the risks posed by unpredictable and inconsistent weather conditions consequently optimizing resource usage and improving crop yields. This study developed an enhanced Internet of Things (IoT) based weather monitoring system that elevates the efficiency of agricultural operations. The Ignite IoT methodology was adopted in this research. Key components of the system which allowed for real-time weather data collection includes the Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11), Barometric Pressure Sensor (BMP280), Rain Sensor and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) for light intensity detection. These sensors were integrated with the NodeMCU microcontroller, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) module, a 9 voltage power supply and a Universal Serial Bus interface (USB) for solar alternative. Realtime weather data transmission to a central server via IoT technology allowing farmers to access crucial weather information through a user-friend mobile application powered by the Blynk IoT platform. The system demonstrated enhanced visualization via a flexible and comprehensible display interface. Extended operational time and more stable power supply through alternative power were also achieved. Compared to conventional methods, the IoT-based weather monitoring system eliminated manual data collection and utilized affordable IoT devices which in turn reduced the overall cost of implementation. By leveraging this IoT-based weather monitoring system, farmers can optimize resource usage, increase crop yields, and mitigate the impact of adverse weather conditions thus providing a cost-effective, reliable and efficient solution for modern agriculture.Item Open Access Study of the use of seed powders of three indigenous plants as bio-coagulants in wastewater and groundwater treatment(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-08) Osinomumu, Ikechukwu ObiadimmaThis study was designed to assess the coagulating efficacy of three indigenous plants (Moringa oleifera, Afzelia africana, and Muccuna flagellipse) seed powders as bio-coagulants in wastewater and groundwater treatment. Fresh, healthy, and mature seeds of Moringa oleifera, Afzelia africana, and Muccuna flagellipse were bought from the relief market in Owerri and processed into fine powders. Qualitative phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts of the seed powders was carried out, while physicochemical and bacterial analysis of the waste samples collected from Somachi slaughter (slaughterhouse wastewater) and Eziobodo (groundwater), Owerri Municipal was assessed before and after treatment. Three (3) different fresh stock solutions (SS) (15 g/300 ml, 30g/300ml, and 45g/300ml) of the seed powders were freshly prepared. Each 100ml of the water sample was measured into a clean 250ml beaker, and 10ml/20ml fresh stock solution were added and labeled accurately. The mixtures were stirred and allowed to stand for 24 hours for effective contact before filtering. Physicochemical parameters such as color, odor, and appearance were checked using ten (10) different observers, while pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chloride (Cl-) were assessed according to standard technique. The result revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, saponins, and anthraquinones in M. oleifera, A. africana, and M. flagellipse, except for steroids in M. flagellipes and A. africana. The physicochemical properties of the water samples before treatment show that the slaughterhouse wastewater sample was brown in color, highly turbid, poor in appearance, and almost odorless, while the groundwater sample was completely colorless, odorless, and clear with excellent appearance. After treatment with 10mL and 20mL fresh SS, there was an observed decrease in the level of turbidity, pH, temperature, and BOD and an increase in DO and Cl- levels across different treatments and concentrations. M. oleifera showed the best performance with the lowest mean turbidity, followed by A. africana and M. flgellipes. Furthermore, groundwater treatment indicated changes in color, odor, appearance, and pH, which compare favorably with the control, while temperature, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, and Cl- were statistically the same before and after treatment. The turbidity increases across the different treatments. The bacterial screening results revealed the presence of coliforms (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp.) and pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Campylobacter jejuni). Treatment with M. oleifera resulted in the lowest bacterial count, followed by A. africana and Muccuna flagellipes. The bacteria count for groundwater before and after treatment was significantly the same, except for a slight increase in E. coli and C. jejuni with M. flagellipes, though still within the WHO allowable bacterial count for domestic water (100-500/ml) of colony-forming units. Therefore, the use of M. oleifera as a bio-coagulant should be adopted in wastewater treatment, as it not only improves the water quality but also reduces the pathogenic bacteria load.Item Open Access Performance evaluation of selected indices of soil erodibility for Imo State soils(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-03) Nwachukwu, Ifeanyi PaschalThis work centered on evaluating the performance of some selected indices (Clay, Modified clay ratio, Water stable aggregate, Dispersion and Erosion ratios) for determiningErodibility for Imo State soils. Soil samples were collected from 12 locations in triplicate using the completely randomized design for the selected site in Imo State. Soil physical and chemical properties determined were the particle size distribution, organic matter content, dry and bulk density, permeability, porosity and void ratio, moisture content, soil pH and specific gravity. The data obtained through field and laboratory experiments were used in measuring the indices. Soil losses were obtained from the field (insitu) using a portable rainfall simulator of 163.27mm/hr rainfall intensity. The “rainfall” was simulated under three (3) soil conditions; dry, wet and saturated. Statistical analysis using the ANOVA showed that the rainfall simulated under the conditions mentioned above were statistically significant (P<0.05). This suggests that any “rainfall” conditions chosen, can reliably produce soil losses for the study of soil erosion behavoir. The regression model equation between the soil losses and the indices of Erodibility developed showed coefficient of correlation values for Modified clay ratio – 0.7579, Clay ratio – 0.7036, Erosion ratio – 0.7279 and Dispersion ratio – 0.7056.From comparative analysis of the selected indices, it was concluded that the Modified clay ratio, Clay ratio, Dispersion ratio and Erosion ratio had performance rating between 70% and 75% probability. These four indices performed satisfactorily thereby becoming better tools in the study of erosion. Water stable aggregate is only applicable to soils having particle size above 2mm which provides for proper evaluation of the index. Overall benefit of using this indices in assessment of soil erodibility shows the unique relationship between the primary soil textural class (sand, silt, and clay) and its percentage composition which defines the true state of any soil (easily eroded or non easily eroded).Item Open Access Food security status and awareness of Sustainable Development Goal-2 among households in Abuja Municipal Area Council(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-07) Njoku, Sylvaline ChisomWith the recent covid-19 pandemic, hunger and malnutrition have increased worldwide, with sub– Saharan Africa being the most affected. This study was carried out to determine the food security status and awareness of sustainable Development Goal - 2 among households in Abuja Municipal Area Council, an urban area in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Using a descriptive crosssectional study design, four hundred and twenty-one (421) households were randomly selected from the various wards in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Abuja. Structured questionnaire and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) as well as the Food Consumption Score (FCS) were the tools used in gathering the information needed for the study. Respondents from the sampled households were domestic heads of households, multistage sampling technique was used and data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and Chisquare using SPSS statistics version 23. From the results gotten, food security status among households in Abuja Municipal Area Council is poor (37%) as most of the households were food insecure (63%). Also, there was poor awareness of SDG-2 as seen among respondents (57%), only 43% of the respondents have heard about SDG-2. There was also significant association of sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and food security in the study area (P≤0.05). Food security was highest in respondents who were satisfied with their monthly income 17 (85%), followed by those who had a family size of two 33 (65%) and least among those who had no occupation 1(3%). Moreso, the most food insecure were those who had no occupation 33 (97%). However, food security was also higher among the able bodied 138(43%) male respondents 89(47%) who were Islam 93(41%) and were within the age bracket of 32 – 41 years 67(46%) and were also married 101(49%). Food security was also higher among most of them who achieved tertiary as their highest level of education 38(51%) and are public/civil servant 47(52%). The food consumption score of the participants was shown to be 21 (poor), 33 (borderline) and 36 (acceptable) for the < 3 days, 3-4 days and 5days and above respectively. As household coping strategies against food insecurity, majority of the participants occasionally eat once a day 294(70%), followed by allowing children to eat first 220(52%), with the least being reducing the number of meals eaten in one day 149(35%). However, most of them never sold their assets 183 (43%) nor engaged in illegal income activities (theft, smuggling, prostitution) as a coping strategy 325(77%). The study emphasized that stakeholders should promote nutrition training and socio-economic status, especially for domestic heads of households, in order to improve household nutrition-related knowledge, thereby enhancing the food security of the households. It also recommends that family planning methods should be used more by couples so as to maintain small family sizes, hence promoting more food secure households.Item Open Access Investigation of the effects of science and technology on environmental impact assessment(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2022-11) Ibe, Raymond ObinnaThis research work deals on the effects of Science and Technology on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Principally EIA is a predictive tool. Different professionals are involved in EIA and each and everyone has his own view about what should be done or not to ensure that the original aim of EIA as a predictive and decision making tool is achieved. The issue of Science and Technology input in EIA, its effectiveness stimulated this research. The conventional response in this area has been to place emphasis on strengthening existing EIA practice and procedure. It is revealed that the effectiveness of EIA is influenced mainly by six (6) key factors namely, Method and quality of data collection, Research time, legislative backing, information management, laboratory/research results and project funding. Factors like Capacity Building, Education for Participants, Guidance and Procedure for the Conduct of EIA, Continuous Research Training for Project Managers and Technical Staff and Follow up Mechanism have also been implicated for the improved quality and precision of an EIA . Non-probability convention was applied to select the respondents. The researcher self – administered copies of questionnaire to 115 respondents.A Five – Point Likert summated type scale was used to collect primary data and Regression analysis to analyze the data. The researcher also used Analysis of variance table (ANOVA) to establish differences between groups. Finally Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient was applied to test the hypothesis. The results show that there is a significant relationship between Science and Technology and the effectiveness of EIA. Based on the findings The researcher emphasized that substantial improvements can be made with the contribution of science and technology to environmental Impact assessment. It is recognized that analysis within impact assessments will always be limited by the knowledge base either already established or obtainable in the appropriate period. In conclusion of the study, the researcher recommended the upgrading of EIA practice through effort at conceptualization, more effective study, planning and a common realistic expectation through a focused applied Science and Technology Research Programme.Item Open Access Soil classification and concentration of selected heavy metals in some soils of the Niger Delta region, Nigeria(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-06) Sule, Benjamin AgbeneSome physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels in selected spilled and unspilled soils of the Niger Delta region, Nigeria were analysed. A total of three locations were sampled and two profile pits (spilled and unspilled) were dug at each location making a total of six (6) profile pits. Samples were collected from genetic horizons starting from the lowest horizon in each pedon. Conventional analytical methods were employed for the determination of these physico-chemical properties and heavy metals. Data gotten from the laboratory analysis were subjected to simple correlation, coefficient of variability and t-test. Results showed that the consistence of the soils was very friable(Egbem-spilled and unspilled, Oguta unspilled), friable(Oguta spilled and Ugwunagbo spilled) and loose in the epipedons and friable in all subsurface horizon, while the soil structure ranged from very weak fine granular to medium subangular blocky in spilled pedons whereas unspilled pedons were predominantly very fine single grained. There were generally fine and medium roots in the studied soils. The soils were basically Sandy Loam (SL) and Sandy Clay Loam (SCL). The value of sand ranged from 740 - 810 g/Kg. Sand and Silt fractions decreased down the pedons. Low clay characterized the epipedons. The soils were well drained and all soils were deep (> 180cm). Bulk density increased with depth for all pedons and ranged from 1.17 – 1.56 gcm-3 . Spilled pedons had higher bulk densities (1.37 gcm-3 , 1.37 gcm-3 and 1.40 gcm-3 ) than the unspilled pedons (1.33 gcm-3 , 1.30 gcm-3 and 1.33 gcm-3 ).Slight variations (CV < 15%) were recorded for bulk density in all pedons. Moisture content was lower in spilled sites, it showed slight variations (CV<15%) at Ugwunagbo unspilled site and Oguta spilled site, moderate variation in Oguta unspilled and high variation in Egbema (spilled and unspilled) and Ugwunagbo spilled. The pH values in all sites ranged from 4.8 – 6.3 indicating that the studied soils were acidic. The spilled pedons in Egbema and Ugwunagbo were more acidic than their unspilled pedons. But the reverse was observed in Oguta sites where the spilled site had a higher pH than the unspilled pedon. Generally, pH in KCl was less than in water. The pH showed slight variability (CV<15%). There was a significant difference between spilled and unspilled pedons. Generally, total nitrogen was highly variable (49 – 92 %), it was higher in spilled pedons of Egbema and Oguta but the reverse was the case in Ugwunagbo. It decrease down the pedons. Available Phosphorus values ranged from low (<5mg/kg) to high (>15mg/Kg). It was highly variable (CV>35%) in most pedons. Available Phosphorus was higher in unspilled than spilled soils. Organic Carbon generally decreased with depth. Values of Calcium and Magnesium were higher in unspilled than in spilled soils. Sodium values were generally low and varied for different pedons. Exchangeable Potassium had higher values in unspilled than spilled soils. Ca:Mg ratio was below 3 in (Egbema-spilled and unspilled, Oguta unspilled and Ugwunagbo spilled and unspilled) indicating unfertile soils. Higher values were recorded for ECEC in unspilled soils than in spilled soils. Values of Base saturation were higher in unspilled than spilled soils and showed a significant difference between spilled and unspilled pedons. Aluminum saturation values were low in the studied soils. Heavy metal values decreased down the pedon and were generally higher in spilled than unspilled soils, but they were within the permissible limit for use. Generally, the magnitude of heavy metals followed Ni > Pb > Cd > Cr for spilled soils and Ni>Pb>Cr>Cd for unspilled soils. Though the detected levels of heavy metals in the studied soil were within the permissible limits, caution should be taken to avoid accumulation and toxicity. The soils of Ugwunagbo and Egbema were classified as Typic paleudult - Dystric Nitisol (FAO/WRB). While those of Oguta were classified as Typic tropudult - Orthic Acrisol (FAO/WRB).Item Open Access Evaluation of the Nekede dumpsite on surrounding groundwater quality in Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria(Federal University of Technology, Owerri., 2023-12) Izibeya, DiemewuluThis study evaluated the impact of municipal solid waste on groundwater quality around the Nekede dumpsite, Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria. The Nekede waste dump is about two (2) hecters in area and has existed for many years and can pose pollution hazard to surface and groundwater resources through leachate infiltration. Several families abstract water for domestic usage from boreholes in this areas with resultant exposure to several water-borne challenges. 50kg of waste were classified into different categories and their percent composition determined. Water samples were also collected from four (4) different boreholes within 50m radius of the waste dump and analysed using standard procedures. Results obtained revealed that the waste in the dumpsite were majorly composed of metals (36.66% by mass). The pH of the borehole water sampled were slightly acidic, indicating possible waste interaction with the underlying aquifers. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) values ranged between 24-490µScm-1. BH1, the borehole nearest to the waste dump recorded the highest conductivity value of 490 µscm-1 which is above the WHO regulatory standard for a portable water. Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Chromium (Cr) concentrations were all found to be above the WHO regulatory limits. These results suggest a possible pollutant input from the waste dump, implying that the selected boreholes were impacted by the waste dump. The VES data of Nekede dumpsite showed a thickness value of 35m to 183m and the aquifer resistivity values ranged from 1000Ωm to 5850Ωm, the aquifer map also revealed an unconfined/ semi unconfined aquifer formation with sandy soil from top to bottom and layers of clay of 3.3m to 5.9m thickness. This formation is highly vulnerable to groundwater pollution due to high rate of leachate infiltration. This research have shown that Nekede dumpsite is a threat to the surrounding groundwater due to possible seepage of leachate from the dumpsite. This work has shown that regulation of drilling of boreholes in the study area and its environs has become inevitable to protect the public from water borne diseases.Item Open Access Organoleptic and microbial analysis of chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from Imo River, Nigeria smoked using different sources of heat(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-09) Jude, Chiemla Jude JrThis study is aimed to assess the microbiological and sensory quality of smoke–dried fish processed, using four different sources of heat (Charcoal, Firewood, Sawdust and Oven). A total of 300 fresh fish samples were randomly collected from Imo River for the study. The fish were divided into four batches of 75 fish per batch and processed using four different methods: Smokedried with charcoal (T1), Smoke-dried with firewood (T2), Smoke-dried with sawdust (T3) and Smoke-dried with oven (T4). Organoleptic assessment using a 5-point hedonic scale was also employed using a sensory evaluation while Microbial quality was determined from total coliform count and types of bacterial isolates. Data from Organoleptic assessment were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics such as percentages, pie charts and bar charts while microbiological data were statistically evaluated using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of organoleptic studies which evaluated the perception of four sensory criteria showed that for appearance/colour quality score was 9.0 (Charcoal), 7.2 (Firewood), 7.8 (Sawdust) and 9.5 (Oven). For Aroma, score was 7.8 (Charcoal), 7.6 (Firewood), 7.8 (Sawdust) and 9.4 (Oven). For Texture as sensory quality, score was 7.8 (Charcoal), 7.6 (Firewood), 7.8 (Sawdust) and 9.3 (Oven). Similarly, for Taste, the score was 9.0 (Charcoal), 7.4 (Firewood), 9.0 (Sawdust) and 9.7 (Oven). The result revealed that the organoleptic quality of fish dried using the oven as heat source gave the best sensory quality of excellence in terms of appearance/colour (9.5), aroma (9.4), texture (9.3) and taste (9.7). Results of Microbial analysis based on plate count method (cfu/g) and total viable bacterial count (TVBC) of pathogen food bacteria isolates, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp were as follows: For total coliform (cfu/g), Charcoal was (2.6×102), Firewood (2.9×102), Sawdust (2.6×102), Oven (2.2×102). E. coli was 1.5×102 (Charcoal), 1.8×102 (Firewood), 1.6×102 (Sawdust) and 1.2×102 (Oven). For Klebsiella spp, total viable bacterial count (cfu/g) was 1.1×102 (Charcoal), 1.1×102 (Firewood), 1.0×102 (Sawdust) and 1.0×102 (Oven). The results of microbial analysis showed that fish processed using the oven gave the lowest microbial load 1.0×102. It is thus recommended that where available and economical, oven processing/drying method should be adopted by fish producers. The use of oven in fish processing/drying will also mitigate the effect of deforestation which is the common source of charcoal, firewood and sawdust.Item Open Access Mathematical model and analysis of chlamydia and gonorrhea co-infection(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-05) Chukukere, Eziaku ChinomsoA model for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and gonorrhea co-dynamics is studied and analysed to assess the impact of targeted treatment for each of the diseases on their co-infections population. The model exhibits the dynamical feature of backward bifurcation when associated reproduction number is less than unity. The global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium was also analyzed. The numerical simulations show that the strategy which implements female chlamydia trachomatis treatment and male gonorrhea treatment is the most effective in combating co-infections Chlamydia trachomatis and gonorrheaItem Open Access Extraction and evaluatiion of bioactive compounds from tropical spices (Zingiber officinale, Tetrapluera tetraptera and Monodora myristica) for functional beverage development(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-12) Ofoedum, Arinze FrancisCrude extracts were extracted using a microwave technology from dried Ginger, T. tetraptera, and M. myristica and subsequently evaluated. Pineapple juice was extracted from freshly harvested pineapple fruits. Preliminary assays (quantitative phytochemicals and antioxidants activities) were conducted on the crude extracts generated. Beverages were produced with crude extracts from tropical spices and blended into pineapple juice as a carrier. Antioxidant activities, physico-chemical properties (pH, total solids, total acidity, brix, and viscosity), sensory evaluation and shelf life studies were conducted on the beverage formulated. The saponins were found to be highest in ginger extracts (2.71mg/g) and differ significantly (p≤0.05) from other samples. Flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins are highest in Monodora myristica with mean values of 14.33, 7.30 and 5.46 mg/g, respectively but had the least alkaloids (6.84 mg/g). T. tetraptera had the highest in alkaloids and steroids, with mean scores of 10.17 and 4.31, respectively, and significant differences (p≤0.05). Total phenolic compounds are highest in M. myristica (26.06 mg/g), followed by ginger (23.26) and T. tetraptera (20.93 mg/g). The crude extracts recorded higher antioxidant activities (using DPPH, FRAP, Lipid Peroxidation inhibition, and Nitric oxide scavenging tests). The crude extract from M. myristica gave the highest DPPH value (56.61), ginger extracts recorded the highest score for FRAP, while the control (Vit. C.) had the highest lipid Peroxidation inhibition. Among the formulated beverage samples, triple mix of ginger, Tetrapleura and Monodora had the highest DPPH value (68.20), likewise Nitric oxide scavenger (40.54) and with significant differences (p≤0.05) among the samples. FRAP is higher in sample AGT and AGY, while the control sample had the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition (2.86). Samples AGY, AMY, AGT and AGM showed no significant differences (p≥0.05). The sensory evaluation revealed that the colour of the control (Eviron Health Drink) is most preferred, followed by AGY and AMY, each recording mean scores of 8.40, 7.90 and 7.80, respectively. The taste was ranked highest for the control (8.20), followed by sample AGY (8.00) with no significant differences (p≥0.05). The flavour score for the control was 8.00, while sample AGM had the least (5.50). For the general acceptability, the control sample recorded the highest value of (8.00) followed by AGY (7.90) and with no significant differences (p≥0.05). The titrable acidity was highest in AGM (3.28 mg lactic acid) and lowest in control. The pH values ranged from 3.66 to 4.83, while TSS ranged from 2.93 mg/l to 5.38. The total sugars ranged from 2.94 to 7.17. Therefore, tropical spices can be used as additives to produce functional beverages.Item Open Access Evaluation of total quality management (TQM) practices of selected construction firms in Akwa Ibom Metropolis(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-07) Duru, Emmanuel ChigozieThe construction industry grapples with significant challenges arising from both domestic and international market competitions. These challenges stem from the limited capacity of construction companies to adopt innovative managerial methodologies capable of addressing the prevailing complexities within the business environment. Consequently, the sustainability and competitive positioning of these companies in the dynamically evolving global economic landscape become precarious. Failure to effectively mitigate these challenges and devise strategic solutions may result in the displacement of domestic employment opportunities in Nigeria by multinational construction firms, thereby exertingadverse repercussions on the nation's economy. To preemptively address this impending threat, a rigorous scientific inquiry into the total quality management (TQM) practices of selected construction companies in Nigeria becomes imperative.Consequently, this research project aimed to evaluate the TQM practices of chosen construction companies situated in the Akwa Ibom Metropolis. Utilizing structured questionnaires, secondary data were gathered from 45 selected construction companies, with 40 returned and validated responses. Reliability testing was conducted using Cronbach's alpha statistic. Dimension reduction analysis, employing the principal component regression method, was employed for factors influencing TQM practices, encompassing twenty questions, as well as fifteen questions pertaining to TQM practices adhered to by the companies. The findings, based on factor loadings of singular components extracted in each instance, revealed that Project quality, estimation, scheduling, risk assessment, and quality of workmanship emerged as the top five factors influencing Quality Management. Concurrently, proper planning, adequacy of employee training, budgetary allocation, staff training, and personnel management were identified as the foremost TQM practices adhered to by construction companies in the Akwa Ibom Metropolis. This research contributes to the understanding of TQM dynamics within the construction sector, offering valuable insights for enhancing competitiveness and sustainable growth in the face of evolving market challenges.Item Open Access The impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on road transportation (A study of Rivers Joy Transportation Company Port Harcourt, Rivers State)(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-08) Elechi, Chigozie PrinceThe COVID-19 pandemic resulting in significant disruptions to road transport operations worldwide. This study on Rivers Joy Transport Company operations in Port Harcourt city, Nigeria tries to look at how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the company’s operations and income, and how this two parameters significantly affected the organization during the pandemic, causing operational disruptions and financial challenges for the company. It is however noted that Road transport system is closely related to socio-economic changes in the society, as it is concerned with the mobility of people, freight and services from one point to the other. The major actors in this business are the drivers and the passengers. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on the incomes and operations of Rivers Joy Transportation Company during the pandemic. The study area was Port Harcourt city and its metropolis, located in the south southern part of Nigeria. The major factors considered were incomes, operations of the company during the pandemics, using the numbers of trips and vehicles/drivers available at the time to form the sample frame for this study. The study used a survey design method with the help of a structured questionnaire. Two hundred copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the parks and registered terminals used for this study. One hundred and forty-two of this copies were eventually correctly filled and returned for analysis. Findings revealed that the pandemic has a significant positive impact on the incomes of company at 5% significance level (β1= 126.5 p<0.05). It is recommended that transportation policy in the case of road transport should be strengthened to ensure strict compliance by all users of the road.Item Open Access Effects of kaolin calcined at different temperatures on the properties of river sand and quarry dust concrete(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-04) Ibe, Kizito ChidozieThe study explored the mechanical and durability properties of concrete blended with kaolin from Umuariaga, Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. The kaolin was calcined at 6500C, 7500C, and 8500C accordingly to obtain metakaolin (MK). Two sets of binary concrete were investigated. The first set was composed of Portland cement, metakaolin, river sand (RS) and crushed granite. While, the second sample was made of a similar composition except that quarry dust (QD) was used in place of river sand. MK was utilized to replace Portland cement at percentages ranging from 0% to 50% at 5% intervals. Mix ratio of 1: 1.68: 2.32 (i.e. cement: river sand: crushed granite) and 1:1.42:2.04 (i.e. cement: quarry dust: crushed granite) at 0.4 water-cement ratio targeting 30 MPa compressive strength value were experimented. The compressive strength, young modulus of elasticity and water absorption property of the various concrete cube samples of size 150×150×150 mm3 were tested after curing by immersing in water for 7 and 28 days. The multiple regression analysis (MRA) of the experimental data was conducted using historical design (HD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). This was implemented using the Design expert software version 13. Generally, the results show that the effect of the different calcination temperatures for producing the metakaolin did affect the slump and strength properties of the concrete. However, as the percentage of metakaolin increased, the slump values lessened for both RS and QD concrete. At 0%MK for all three temperatures, the maximum slumps for RS and QD concrete were found to be 112 mm and 98 mm, respectively. Minimum values were noted at 50% inclusion of MK. It was found that, for both types of concrete, the compressive strength values at 7500C were slightly higher than the other two temperatures. After 28 days, the binary concrete containing river sand exhibited the highest compressive strength at 15%MK for 6500C, 20%MK for 7500C, and 20%MK for 8500C, with corresponding values of 38.92 N/mm2, 42.05 N/mm2, and 40.98 N/mm2. While the quarry dust concrete had 36.48 N/mm2, 38.02 N/mm2, and 36.30 N/mm2 for 6500C, 7500C, and 8500C respectively, all at 20%MK. The Young modulus for the river sand had 33.55 GPa at 15%MK, 34.88 GPa at 20%MK, 34.30 GPa at 20%MK while the young modulus for quarry dust had 32.45GPa at 20%MK, 33.16 GPa at 20%MK, 32.64GPa at 20%MK for 6500C, 7500C, and 8500C respectively. The Water absorption for river sand had 1.22% at 20%MK, 1.10% at 20%MK, 1.22% at 20%MK while the water absorption for quarry dust had 1.46% at 20%MK, 1.33% at 20%MK, 1.45% at 20%MK for 6500C, 7500C, and 8500C respectively. The multiple regression analysis gave a 2-factor interaction (2FI) model for the best binary concrete achieved at 750 0C with R-squared values of 0.9182, 0.9451, and 0.9566 for compressive strength, young modulus and water absorption respectively with river sand. While with the quarry dust, the R-squared values of 0.9618, 0.9756, 0.9953 for compressive strength, young modulus and water absorption respectively was achieved. The investigation showed that metakaolin gotten from Umuariaga, Abia State in Nigeria improved the mechanical and durability properties of the tested concrete from 5%MK -20%MK replacement level.Item Open Access Determination of the optimal routing protocol for an inter-campus private cloud network system(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-05) Ezeani, Chukwuemeka ObiomaWith the need for resources sharing and the integration of cost-effective IT solution across tertiary institution in Nigeria, modalities for an inter-campus cloud network is presented in this project. The inter-campus cloud network provides a platform for sharing resources across campuses instead of replicating such resources which are in many cases underutilized. This work presents the optimal routing protocol for an inter-campus cloud network system that connects 5 campuses together within Owerri city in Nigeria. A star-star hybrid network topology was adopted in this project work and was modelled using Packet Tracer simulator. The network was simulated using the three main routing protocols namely RIP (routing information protocol), OSPF (open shortest path first) and EIGRP (enhanced interior gateway routing protocol) which were tested and compared to determine the routing protocol with the shortest convergence time. The connection time of the three routing protocols used on the exchange point network was run at a TTL value of 24 and packet size of 32 bytes. The RIP provided a convergence time that is within 3 and 4 seconds, with slightly varied spikes of not up to 10 seconds, OSPF and EIGRP also tries to maintain a time of between 3 and 4 seconds but is plagued with so much spikes of up 20 seconds for EIGRP and 17seconds for OSPF. The results showed that with a routing protocol like RIP, connections between the campuses via the exchange point will converge faster. As a result, RIP routing protocol was adopted as the optimal routing protocol to be used for the network configuration due to its better convergence time.Item Open Access Critical factors for successful total quality management (TQM) implementation in manufacturing food and beverage industry(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-08) Eke, Chidebere SolomonThe need to drive the implementation of total quality management in organization cannot be over-emphasize, hence the research on critical success factors in implementation of total quality management in manufacturing food and beverage industries. In this research, critical success factors in implementation of (TQM) total quality management is understudied and analyzed. The objective of this research study were understudied which included the following as stated,(i) Identified the critical success factors to Total quality management(TQM) implementation in manufacturing food and beverage industry (ii) Evaluated the contribution of these factors to TQM implementation and (iii) determined the impact of these factors to TQM implementation to food and beverage industry. , We were able to identify twelve independent variables and we downsized the number of variables to five, from secondary and primary data which used factor analysis technics in the reduction process. The most important variables so identified includes the following, (1) quality of food and beverage materials & additives(x1), (2) quality of food and beverage process planning & design(x2), (3) quality of food and beverage top management policy & supports(X3), (4) quality of food and beverage regulatory bodies(X4) and (5) quality of food and beverage environmental hygiene & safety(X5).An exploratory research method was adopted, results were determined and in-depth data analysis was carried out. The significance level of the independent variables was statistically achieved. In this research, with a significance level of 0.05 and confidence level of 95%, we were able to determine the various values of t-statistics in order to rank these factors. A multiple regression analysis was adopted in the cause of this research, having determined these with an R2 value of 0.586. With these, a multiple regression analysis model was designed to determine the impact of these independent variable against a dependent variable. From our findings we were able to identify the critical success factors in implementation of total quality management in manufacturing food and beverage industry, also the impacts of these factors so determined. However, it is noted that implementation of these success factors will increase the productive output of an organization and most especially in food and beverage industry. It is recommended that food beverage and manufacturing industry should adopt these critical success factors in total quality management implementation (TQM). The areas of recommendation for further studies includes how we can deploy a software in product management to manage different set standards in the industry and TQM software product application.Item Open Access Chemical and toxicological evaluations of boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta solutions in albino rats(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-07) Esseh, Jane NnennaThis study evaluated the chemical profile and toxicological potential of Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) boiled solution in albino rats. Thirty-five (35) male albino rats that weighed 96.00 ± 0.06 g and aged 9 to 10 weeks were divided into seven groups: group 1 received feed and water only and served as the control group, group 2 received 10 ml/kg body weight (b.w) of boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS), group 3 received 20 ml/kg b.w of BDWGS, group 4 received 10 ml/kg b.w of boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS), group 5 received 20 ml/kg b.w BWWGS, group 6 received 10 ml/kg b.w of boiled centipede solution (BCS) and group 7 received 20 ml/kg b.w BCS; for 28 days through oral route. The GC-MS analyses of the boiled solutions revealed the presence of benzenamine, methenamine, 1H-imidazole, halcinonide, acetamide, cyclohexane, colchiceine, ethyl oxamate and N-(4-Aminobutyl) aziridine in them. The results of the acute toxicity (LD50) of the boiled centipede and wall gecko solutions showed no mortality at the study level. There were significant (p<0.05) increases in blood urea, creatinine, sodium ion, chloride ion concentrations and ALP, ALT and AST activities and a decrease in bicarbonate ion concentration following administration of BWWGS and BCS. Total and direct bilirubin concentrations increased in all treatment groups while total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations reduced in BWWGS and BCS groups when compared to control group. Alterations in renal and hepatic functional indices were confirmed in histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues; ostensibly caused by the toxic chemical compositions of the treatment solutions. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the liver and kidneys of the rats.Item Open Access Electrochemical degradation of methly orange dye contaminated water(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-05) Enyia, Onyinyechi DeborahIn this study, the electrochemical degradation of Methyl orange, a representative of azo dye, wasinvestigated in contaminated water using a graphite anode and copper cathode. Several key parameters were systematically explored, including time, pH, temperature, current density, and electrolyte concentration, to optimize the degradation process. An observable trend emerged, revealing intriguing insights. Increasing current density and reaction time consistently enhanced degradation efficiency. Specifically, current densities of 0.27mA/mm² and 0.53 mA/mm² exhibited rapid degradation, reaching a plateau at approximately 87%. At higher current densities of 0.8mA/mm² and 1.33mA/mm², degradation efficiency followed a more intricate pattern, culminating in remarkable removal rates of 97.88% and 97.34%, respectively. Electrolyte selection also played a pivotal role, with 1M KCl displaying the swiftest degradation efficiency of 98% within a mere 30 minutes. Conversely, 0.05 M KCl recorded the lowest degradation efficiency. Similar trends were observed with NaCl, where 1M NaCl achieved an impressive 97.2% degradation efficiency, while 0.05 M NaCl lagged significantly at 22.8%. Moreover, degradation efficiency decreased with increasing pH, with the pH 3 conditions yielding the highest efficiency at 98%. Temperature variations mirrored this trend, as a temperature of 30 ºC attained the pinnacle degradation efficiency of 99%. UV-VIS analysis further substantiated the findings, revealing a substantial reduction in absorbance peaks for Methyl orange dye, from 2.0 to 0.2 at a wavelength of 470 nm in the visible region. This signified the elimination of the azo chromophore group, an initial constituent of the dye, during electrochemical degradation. Additionally, the appearance of intermediates underscored the complexity of the degradation process. This study has significant implications for wastewater treatment plants, offering valuable insights into the optimization of cost-effective electrochemical treatment methods. The findings unraveled the intricate interplay of key parameters, paving the way for enhanced efficiency in the removal of toxic synthetic dyes and advancing the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment strategies.Item Open Access Effects of sesamum indicum compounded diet on alloxan-induced diabetic rats(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-08) Ekeke, Kelechi LightThe purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Sesamum indicum compounded diet on alloxan induced diabetic rats. For the study, which lasted 21 days, 36 male albino rats were divided into nine groups of four rats each (Grp 1 Normal control, Grp 2 Diabetic control, Grp 3 standard drug-Glibenclamide treated, Grp 4, 5, and 6 diabetic rats fed with 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diet respectively, and Grp 7, 8 and 9 rats fed with 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diet respectively for 14 days prior to diabetes induction). A single intraperitoneal dosage of freshly produced alloxan (140 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce diabetes. Accheck Glucometer was used to measure blood sugar levels. Utilizing conventional spectrophotometric techniques, values for lipid, kidney, and liver function were assessed. When compared to the diabetic control at the conclusion of the study, the blood glucose levels of groups 4, 5, and 6 fed on 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diets, respectively, were reduced below 200. After two weeks of feeding on the compounded diet, group 7, 8, and 9 were induced. It was found that their blood glucose levels were still < 200. The trend in Lipid profile (CHOL, TRIG, and LDL) parameters and blood glucose were similar, with a significant difference of P<0.05, although the HDL, which was low in untreated diabetics, increased in the groups fed the compound diet. Comparing groups fed the compounded diet to the diabetic control group, the level of Kidney parameters showed a decrease at a significant difference of P<0.05. The parameters of Liver function showed the same pattern. From the relative organ weight result, the groups fed with the compounded diet showed a weight decrease in the Liver and Kidney while the Pancreas increased compared to the diabetic group that has the opposite. There is no significant difference between the groups fed with the diet before induction of diabetes and the group induced before feeding with the diet. The result of this research proves that the compounded diet has both Ameliorative and Protective properties against diabetes mellitus.Item Open Access Prevalence and management behaviour of individuals with peptic ulcer due to helicobacter pylori in Owerri West local area, Imo state, Nigeria.(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-08) Achugwo, Anthony IhemebigeBackground: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant health issue globally. This study aims to determine the prevalence of H. pyloriassociated peptic ulcers and to assess the management behavior among individuals in Owerri West Local Government Area (LGA), Imo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, targeting individuals aged 18 years and above in Owerri West LGA. A sample size of 439 respondents was determined using the Yammane formula and selected through a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection involved a combination of serological tests for H. pylori and structured questionnaires covering sociodemographic details, health information, lifestyle and dietary habits, access to healthcare, and management behavior of peptic ulcers. The validity and reliability of the instruments were ensured through expert review and a test-retest method with a reliability coefficient of 0.8. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained before the study commenced. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among individuals diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease, with 82.5% testing positive for H. pylori. The demographic analysis showed a diverse population with the largest age group being 3140 years old and a slight majority of female respondents. Healthcare providersin the study included doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals with varying years of experience. Civil servants and traders were the predominant occupational groups among the patient respondents. The Urea breath test was identified as the most widely available and accessible diagnostic method, considered highly effective by a majority of respondents. The management behavior for peptic ulcers varied, the predominant forms of management reported include proton pump inhibitors (190 patients, 84.4%) and antibiotics (175 patients, 77.8%). Dietary changes were also widely reported (128 patients, 56.7%), with fewer patients using herbal remedies (27 patients, 11.9%)orantacids (65 patients, 28.4%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of H. pylori infection among individuals with peptic ulcers in Owerri West LGA highlights the need for effective diagnostic and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of accessible and reliable diagnostic methods, as well as comprehensive management approaches, to address the burden of H. pylori-associated peptic ulcers in the region.Item Open Access Modeling 5D building information modeling drivers for efficient construction project delivery.(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-04) Muhammad, Abdulqadir KabirThis study models 5D BIM drivers for efficient construction project delivery in Nasarawa State. This study was motivated by the need to deploy 5D BIM in construction projects for efficient project delivery. This study specifically evaluated the extent of deployment of 5D BIM on construction project, identified the drivers of 5D BIM on construction project delivery. The study is guarded by the technology acceptance model (TAM), lean theory and social network theory. This study adopted a survey mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods, while the census sampling technique was used in selecting a total of 71 population as the sample size, and 5 construction companies currently undertaking projects in Nasarawa state were consulted. The instrument for data collection and measurement consist of well structured questionnaire modeled in likert scale in addition to semi structured interview as well as personal observations used in eliciting information from the construction firms. The questionnaires were validated for reliability using the Crombach’s alpha test. The data collected were presented using descriptive statistical tools in the form of frequency, figure and charts, while the factor analysis and DEMATEL(decision making, trail and evaluation laboratory) analysis was used. The findings from the study indicated that there is a low level of deployment of 5D BIM and non utilization of the identified drivers for efficient construction project delivery. The factor analysis reduced the twenty two drivers into eight namely: procurement and supply management, real time monitoring, visualization enhancement, adoption of technology and innovation, change management, shorter project life cycle, early involvement of contractors and improved cost estimation. The eight drivers were subjected to cause and effect test where five drivers with low influence fell within the effect group and three drivers with higher influence fell within the cause group. This study’s recommendations include; to create awareness for professionals in construction company on 5D BIM, acceptance of digital modernization by construction companies, provisions of lecture and seminars by companies to educate professionals on the usage of 5D BIM on construction, provision of simple software applications and platforms for 5D BIM and inclusion of 5D BIM study in educational curriculum to allow for students to be conversant with 5D BIM in construction.