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Recent Submissions
Modeling monthly relative humidity for evapotranspiration in Ohaji- Egbema, Imo State and Aninri, Enugu State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-05) Iwuchukwu, Emmanuel Ikechukwu
Monthly Relative humidity (RH) models for Enugu and Imo States were developed using statistical analysis (SPSS) based on stepwise method. In this study, the independent variables: sunshine hours, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and vapour pressure and the dependent variable (monthly relative humidity) were obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for the years 1991 to 2010. The data for 1991 – 2007 were used to develop the models. High coefficients of determination R2 = 0.845 and 0.753 for estimating monthly relative humidity for Enugu and Imo respectively were obtained during model building. The developed models were used to predict a monthly relative humidity value for the remaining three years using data obtained from NIMET from 2008-2010 that was not used in building the model. It was observed that the Imo model predicted fairly accurate, judging from the low percentage error in year 2008 got from the monthly RH that was not used in building the model; (ranging from 0.46 to 45.94) but for 2009 and 2010, the percentage errors were fairly higher than that predicted for year 2008 whereas that of the Enugu model predicted fairly accurate, judging from the low percentage error in year 2008 got
from the monthly RH not used in building the model;(ranging from 0.59 to 32.42) and also for 2009 and 2010, the percentage errors were fairly accurate as that predicted for year 2008. Thus the smaller the percentage error values between measured and predicted results, the better the model developed. Blaney-Morin Nigeria(BMN) model was used as a test case because it dealt with Evapotranspiration estimation in Nigeria. By applying the two models into equation 1.1, The error margin for RH model for Enugu state used in Blaney Morin-Nigeria(BMN) gave 0.0295 – 0.1864 whereas the error margin for RH model for Imo state used in BMN gave 0.0312 – 0.1322. By applying the developed monthly relative humidity in BMN model to estimate the monthly evapotranspiration from 1991 to 2010 gave a high significant difference. These results are clear evidence of the test of goodness of fit of the models between predicted and measured parameters for monthly relative humidity for Imo and Enugu states using BMN.
Modeling the effects of brewery effluents on surface water: A case study of Ajalliowa River in Enugu State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-05) Imo, Chimezie Iwunna
This study modelled the effect of brewery effluents on surface water taking Ajalliowa River in Enugu state as a case study. This predictive model, obtained using least square method, was combined with laboratory analysis to determine the changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the river before and after the pollution, the distribution effects in time and space were also put into consideration. Water samples were collected in duplicate, using 1 litres kegs as sampling bottles and small plastic bottles of 50ml, from several points along the river body, namely: 50m upstream, effluent discharge from the brewery, the discharge point, 50m downstream, 100m downstream and 150m downstream. Prior to sample collection, all the sampling bottles were washed thoroughly, sun-dried and rinsed with the same water to be collected. The sampling bottles were labelled with dates and collection site. Grab samples werecollected repeatedly. Until analysis, the collected water samples were kept in a cool container and was preserved for various analysis by addition of 1.0 ml of concentrated nitric acid. The predictive model showed a very high correlation coefficient for some of the important parameters while some are not adequately predicted. The pH model gave the highest correlation coefficient with a very low standard of estimate. Also, for each of the sampling points, high correlation coefficients were observed. With the model showing high correlation coefficient between the experimental and simulated results, this thus indicate clearly that this model is suitable for the prediction and estimation of the major physico-chemical characteristics of the river. There is however room for improvement, which can be achieved by adopting pactorial modelling methodology.
Reduction in annular pressure loss by mud rheology control-a means of mud pump pressure optimization: A case study of Niger Delta well
(International Knowledge Press, 2016-02-18) Onugha, Ifeyinwa N.; Igwilo, Kevin C.; Duru, Ugochukwu I.
This paper proposes two linear mathematical models for the reduction of annular pressure loss in a Niger Delta well- X, so that mud pump pressure is optimized. Data related to mud rheology, mud pump pressure, drill cuttings and the well geometry is available for well X which has already been drilled. The first linear model involves the reduction in pressure drop in the drill collar-casing annulus and the second linear model involves the reduction in pressure drop in the drill pipe-casing annulus. These models express reduced or critical annular pressure drops in terms of two mud rheological parameters- the yield point and plastic viscosity. For combined annular drill collar and drill pipe pressure loss, this paper proposes that the two linear mathematical models can be solved simultaneously to obtain optimum yield point and plastic viscosity of the drilling mud system to be employed for hole cleaning in the combined drill collar-casing and drill pipe-casing annulus. The HerschelBulkley model is employed as the rheological model that represents the properties of the drilling mud system analyzed and is generated for eight rheological cases each of the drill collar and drill pipe annular hole cleaning as well as two cases of the combined drill collar and drill pipe annular hole cleaning
Radiological and toxicity risk exposures of oil based mud: Health implication on drilling crew in Niger Delta
(Springer-Verlag, 2020) Okoro, Emmanuel Emeka; Ochonma, Chidiebere; Omeje, Maxwell; Sanni, Samuel E.; Emetere, Moses E.; Orodu, Kale B.; Igwilo, Kevin C.
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) and the presence of toxic metals in drilling fluids/their additives have raised research interests in recent times owing to the risks associated with the exposure times for drillers of petroleum wells. In this study, two drilling fluids A and B were formulated, while two other Mud Samples C and D were obtained from drilled shale and shale-sand formation zones. All four fluids were collected and analyzed for the presence of radioactive and heavy metals. Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium Cd), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) were detected in the mud samples. The heavy metal contents of the mud samples are in the following decreasing order of magnitude Hg>Pb>Cd>Cr.InSamplesA–D,Hg,Pb,Cr,andCdwerefoundtohavesignificantconcentrations,andtheconcentrations of these metals increased in the mud samples after they were used for drilling. The concentration of Hg was above the permissible limit. Also, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, As, and Al found in Mud Samples A and B can cause skin irritations over long-term exposures, while Cd, Hg, Zn, and Ni present in the samples were within levels that can cause lung infections or immune breakdown when ingested over long periods. The quantities of Cd, Hg, and Cu detected in Mud Samples C and D can cause skin irritations over long-term exposures, while those of As, Zn, Ni, and Al were seen to have the potential to cause dermal infections/diseases. Based on the results obtained, the cancer risk for the drilling crew lies within 1.1 × 10−3-7.7×10−3 HQ. The highest dose rate, radium release, and external hazard index were obtained for Mud Sample C whose radium equivalent was judged to be far below the critical safe limit for the drillers. The radium equivalent activity for the two field mud samples (C and D) were estimated to be 27.467 and 22.978 Bq kg−1, respectively, which is the maximum activity obtained for the analyzed samples. The maximum radium equivalent activity for Mud Sample C was estimated as 27.48 Bq kg−1 with a corresponding external hazard index of 0.7. Based on the analysis, there is a significant correlation between the concentration of heavy metals and the radionuclides found in the mud samples.
Loss circulation prevention during drilling operation - risk analysis approach and its implications
(Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2020) Okoro, Emmanuel E.; Okafor, Ikechukwu S.; Igwilo, Kevin C.; Orodu, Kale B.; Dosunmu, Adewale
Drilling engineers and operators are stuck with challenges associated with loss circulation of drilling fluids in wellbores during drilling operation. At such times, a clear and careful decision is required in order to minimize cost or save resources that would have been lost in the bid to remedy the situation. This then informs the need to deploy reliable tools that will inform useful decisions as drawn from a thorough risk-analysis coined from the information gathered from the formation characteristics and operating pressure. In this study, a real-time statistic based approach was adopted in carrying out risk-evaluation of loss circulation events in a wellbore. Based on the expected opportunity loss analysis, it is often non-negotiable to consider other options when the analytical solution suggests that the well should be “abandoned”. For the decision tree, at the decision node, D1, the expected loss of the seal off zone option is $161.25, the expected loss of the drill ahead option is .2 and the expected loss of the abandon option is $13.2. Since the expected loss of the abandon option is less than the expected value of both the seal off and the drill ahead option, it is recommended to abandon the well. Furthermore, the risk analysis proved to be a veritable tool considering the cost implications of other options; and can also serve as basis for automated decision-making.