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Open Access
Determination of the optimal routing protocol for an inter-campus private cloud network system
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-05) Ezeani, Chukwuemeka Obioma
With the need for resources sharing and the integration of cost-effective IT solution across tertiary institution in Nigeria, modalities for an inter-campus cloud network is presented in this project. The inter-campus cloud network provides a platform for sharing resources across campuses instead of replicating such resources which are in many cases underutilized. This work presents the optimal routing protocol for an inter-campus cloud network system that connects 5 campuses together within Owerri city in Nigeria. A star-star hybrid network topology was adopted in this project work and was modelled using Packet Tracer simulator. The network was simulated using the three main routing protocols namely RIP (routing information protocol), OSPF (open shortest path first) and EIGRP (enhanced interior gateway routing protocol) which were tested and compared to determine the routing protocol with the shortest convergence time. The connection time of the three routing protocols used on the exchange point network was run at a TTL value of 24 and packet size of 32 bytes. The RIP provided a convergence time that is within 3 and 4 seconds, with slightly varied spikes of not up to 10 seconds, OSPF and EIGRP also tries to maintain a time of between 3 and 4 seconds but is plagued with so much spikes of up 20 seconds for EIGRP and 17seconds for OSPF. The results showed that with a routing protocol like RIP, connections between the campuses via the exchange point will converge faster. As a result, RIP routing protocol was adopted as the optimal routing protocol to be used for the network configuration due to its better convergence time.
Open Access
Critical factors for successful total quality management (TQM) implementation in manufacturing food and beverage industry
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-08) Eke, Chidebere Solomon
The need to drive the implementation of total quality management in organization cannot be over-emphasize, hence the research on critical success factors in implementation of total quality management in manufacturing food and beverage industries. In this research, critical success factors in implementation of (TQM) total quality management is understudied and analyzed. The objective of this research study were understudied which included the following as stated,(i) Identified the critical success factors to Total quality management(TQM) implementation in manufacturing food and beverage industry (ii) Evaluated the contribution of these factors to TQM implementation and (iii) determined the impact of these factors to TQM implementation to food and beverage industry. , We were able to identify twelve independent variables and we downsized the number of variables to five, from secondary and primary data which used factor analysis technics in the reduction process. The most important variables so identified includes the following, (1) quality of food and beverage materials & additives(x1), (2) quality of food and beverage process planning & design(x2), (3) quality of food and beverage top management policy & supports(X3), (4) quality of food and beverage regulatory bodies(X4) and (5) quality of food and beverage environmental hygiene & safety(X5).An exploratory research method was adopted, results were determined and in-depth data analysis was carried out. The significance level of the independent variables was statistically achieved. In this research, with a significance level of 0.05 and confidence level of 95%, we were able to determine the various values of t-statistics in order to rank these factors. A multiple regression analysis was adopted in the cause of this research, having determined these with an R2 value of 0.586. With these, a multiple regression analysis model was designed to determine the impact of these independent variable against a dependent variable. From our findings we were able to identify the critical success factors in implementation of total quality management in manufacturing food and beverage industry, also the impacts of these factors so determined. However, it is noted that implementation of these success factors will increase the productive output of an organization and most especially in food and beverage industry. It is recommended that food beverage and manufacturing industry should adopt these critical success factors in total quality management implementation (TQM). The areas of recommendation for further studies includes how we can deploy a software in product management to manage different set standards in the industry and TQM software product application.
Open Access
Chemical and toxicological evaluations of boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta solutions in albino rats
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-07) Esseh, Jane Nnenna
This study evaluated the chemical profile and toxicological potential of Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) boiled solution in albino rats. Thirty-five (35) male albino rats that weighed 96.00 ± 0.06 g and aged 9 to 10 weeks were divided into seven groups: group 1 received feed and water only and served as the control group, group 2 received 10 ml/kg body weight (b.w) of boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS), group 3 received 20 ml/kg b.w of BDWGS, group 4 received 10 ml/kg b.w of boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS), group 5 received 20 ml/kg b.w BWWGS, group 6 received 10 ml/kg b.w of boiled centipede solution (BCS) and group 7 received 20 ml/kg b.w BCS; for 28 days through oral route. The GC-MS analyses of the boiled solutions revealed the presence of benzenamine, methenamine, 1H-imidazole, halcinonide, acetamide, cyclohexane, colchiceine, ethyl oxamate and N-(4-Aminobutyl) aziridine in them. The results of the acute toxicity (LD50) of the boiled centipede and wall gecko solutions showed no mortality at the study level. There were significant (p<0.05) increases in blood urea, creatinine, sodium ion, chloride ion concentrations and ALP, ALT and AST activities and a decrease in bicarbonate ion concentration following administration of BWWGS and BCS. Total and direct bilirubin concentrations increased in all treatment groups while total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations reduced in BWWGS and BCS groups when compared to control group. Alterations in renal and hepatic functional indices were confirmed in histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues; ostensibly caused by the toxic chemical compositions of the treatment solutions. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the liver and kidneys of the rats.
Open Access
Electrochemical degradation of methly orange dye contaminated water
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-05) Enyia, Onyinyechi Deborah
In this study, the electrochemical degradation of Methyl orange, a representative of azo dye, wasinvestigated in contaminated water using a graphite anode and copper cathode. Several key parameters were systematically explored, including time, pH, temperature, current density, and electrolyte concentration, to optimize the degradation process. An observable trend emerged, revealing intriguing insights. Increasing current density and reaction time consistently enhanced degradation efficiency. Specifically, current densities of 0.27mA/mm² and 0.53 mA/mm² exhibited rapid degradation, reaching a plateau at approximately 87%. At higher current densities of 0.8mA/mm² and 1.33mA/mm², degradation efficiency followed a more intricate pattern, culminating in remarkable removal rates of 97.88% and 97.34%, respectively. Electrolyte selection also played a pivotal role, with 1M KCl displaying the swiftest degradation efficiency of 98% within a mere 30 minutes. Conversely, 0.05 M KCl recorded the lowest degradation efficiency. Similar trends were observed with NaCl, where 1M NaCl achieved an impressive 97.2% degradation efficiency, while 0.05 M NaCl lagged significantly at 22.8%. Moreover, degradation efficiency decreased with increasing pH, with the pH 3 conditions yielding the highest efficiency at 98%. Temperature variations mirrored this trend, as a temperature of 30 ºC attained the pinnacle degradation efficiency of 99%. UV-VIS analysis further substantiated the findings, revealing a substantial reduction in absorbance peaks for Methyl orange dye, from 2.0 to 0.2 at a wavelength of 470 nm in the visible region. This signified the elimination of the azo chromophore group, an initial constituent of the dye, during electrochemical degradation. Additionally, the appearance of intermediates underscored the complexity of the degradation process. This study has significant implications for wastewater treatment plants, offering valuable insights into the optimization of cost-effective electrochemical treatment methods. The findings unraveled the intricate interplay of key parameters, paving the way for enhanced efficiency in the removal of toxic synthetic dyes and advancing the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment strategies.
Open Access
Effects of sesamum indicum compounded diet on alloxan-induced diabetic rats
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-08) Ekeke, Kelechi Light
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Sesamum indicum compounded diet on alloxan induced diabetic rats. For the study, which lasted 21 days, 36 male albino rats were divided into nine groups of four rats each (Grp 1 Normal control, Grp 2 Diabetic control, Grp 3 standard drug-Glibenclamide treated, Grp 4, 5, and 6 diabetic rats fed with 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diet respectively, and Grp 7, 8 and 9 rats fed with 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diet respectively for 14 days prior to diabetes induction). A single intraperitoneal dosage of freshly produced alloxan (140 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce diabetes. Accheck Glucometer was used to measure blood sugar levels. Utilizing conventional spectrophotometric techniques, values for lipid, kidney, and liver function were assessed. When compared to the diabetic control at the conclusion of the study, the blood glucose levels of groups 4, 5, and 6 fed on 15%, 30%, and 60% compounded diets, respectively, were reduced below 200. After two weeks of feeding on the compounded diet, group 7, 8, and 9 were induced. It was found that their blood glucose levels were still < 200. The trend in Lipid profile (CHOL, TRIG, and LDL) parameters and blood glucose were similar, with a significant difference of P<0.05, although the HDL, which was low in untreated diabetics, increased in the groups fed the compound diet. Comparing groups fed the compounded diet to the diabetic control group, the level of Kidney parameters showed a decrease at a significant difference of P<0.05. The parameters of Liver function showed the same pattern. From the relative organ weight result, the groups fed with the compounded diet showed a weight decrease in the Liver and Kidney while the Pancreas increased compared to the diabetic group that has the opposite. There is no significant difference between the groups fed with the diet before induction of diabetes and the group induced before feeding with the diet. The result of this research proves that the compounded diet has both Ameliorative and Protective properties against diabetes mellitus.
Open Access
Prevalence and management behaviour of individuals with peptic ulcer due to helicobacter pylori in Owerri West local area, Imo state, Nigeria.
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-08) Achugwo, Anthony Ihemebige
Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant health issue globally. This study aims to determine the prevalence of H. pyloriassociated peptic ulcers and to assess the management behavior among individuals in Owerri West Local Government Area (LGA), Imo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, targeting individuals aged 18 years and above in Owerri West LGA. A sample size of 439 respondents was determined using the Yammane formula and selected through a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection involved a combination of serological tests for H. pylori and structured questionnaires covering sociodemographic details, health information, lifestyle and dietary habits, access to healthcare, and management behavior of peptic ulcers. The validity and reliability of the instruments were ensured through expert review and a test-retest method with a reliability coefficient of 0.8. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained before the study commenced. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among individuals diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease, with 82.5% testing positive for H. pylori. The demographic analysis showed a diverse population with the largest age group being 3140 years old and a slight majority of female respondents. Healthcare providersin the study included doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals with varying years of experience. Civil servants and traders were the predominant occupational groups among the patient respondents. The Urea breath test was identified as the most widely available and accessible diagnostic method, considered highly effective by a majority of respondents. The management behavior for peptic ulcers varied, the predominant forms of management reported include proton pump inhibitors (190 patients, 84.4%) and antibiotics (175 patients, 77.8%). Dietary changes were also widely reported (128 patients, 56.7%), with fewer patients using herbal remedies (27 patients, 11.9%)orantacids (65 patients, 28.4%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of H. pylori infection among individuals with peptic ulcers in Owerri West LGA highlights the need for effective diagnostic and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of accessible and reliable diagnostic methods, as well as comprehensive management approaches, to address the burden of H. pylori-associated peptic ulcers in the region.
Open Access
Modeling 5D building information modeling drivers for efficient construction project delivery.
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-04) Muhammad, Abdulqadir Kabir
This study models 5D BIM drivers for efficient construction project delivery in Nasarawa State. This study was motivated by the need to deploy 5D BIM in construction projects for efficient project delivery. This study specifically evaluated the extent of deployment of 5D BIM on construction project, identified the drivers of 5D BIM on construction project delivery. The study is guarded by the technology acceptance model (TAM), lean theory and social network theory. This study adopted a survey mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods, while the census sampling technique was used in selecting a total of 71 population as the sample size, and 5 construction companies currently undertaking projects in Nasarawa state were consulted. The instrument for data collection and measurement consist of well structured questionnaire modeled in likert scale in addition to semi structured interview as well as personal observations used in eliciting information from the construction firms. The questionnaires were validated for reliability using the Crombach’s alpha test. The data collected were presented using descriptive statistical tools in the form of frequency, figure and charts, while the factor analysis and DEMATEL(decision making, trail and evaluation laboratory) analysis was used. The findings from the study indicated that there is a low level of deployment of 5D BIM and non utilization of the identified drivers for efficient construction project delivery. The factor analysis reduced the twenty two drivers into eight namely: procurement and supply management, real time monitoring, visualization enhancement, adoption of technology and innovation, change management, shorter project life cycle, early involvement of contractors and improved cost estimation. The eight drivers were subjected to cause and effect test where five drivers with low influence fell within the effect group and three drivers with higher influence fell within the cause group. This study’s recommendations include; to create awareness for professionals in construction company on 5D BIM, acceptance of digital modernization by construction companies, provisions of lecture and seminars by companies to educate professionals on the usage of 5D BIM on construction, provision of simple software applications and platforms for 5D BIM and inclusion of 5D BIM study in educational curriculum to allow for students to be conversant with 5D BIM in construction.
Open Access
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different plant extracts and its antibacterial activity.
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-05) Abara, Uzoma Chidozie
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter in the 1-100 nm range. Nanomaterials have unique physiochemical properties, such as ultra-small size, large surface area to mass ratio and high reactivity which are different from bulk materials of the same composition. The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with the use of plant extracts is a promising alternative to conventional chemical methods. Zincoxide nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their unique antibacterial, antifungal and UV filtering properties, high catalytic and photochemical activity. Green synthesis of zincoxide nanoparticles using aqueous plant leaf extracts of Neem (Azadirachtaindica L), Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina L), Scent leaf (Ocimumgratissimum L), Moringa leaf (Moringaoliefera L), Ginger lilly (Costusafer L) and the antimicrobial activity of green synthesized zincoxide nanoparticles were carried out in this study. Standard top-down method of green synthesis was carried out using the fresh leaves which were pulverised to powdered form ,boiled and finally filtered to get the aqueous extract which was eventually mixed with 1M of zinc nitrate hexahydrate in a 1:1 ratio. The resultant solution was mixed thoroughly with a magnetic stirrer and was further centrifuged, washed and calcinised at 420oC. Characterization was done usingUV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to ascertain the physico-chemical and morphological properties of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of the ZnO nanoparticle were tested using clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococous epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebisiella species, Proteus species and Pseudomonas aerugenosa. The UV-Visible spectrum of colloidal solutions had absorbance peaks at 356-369 nm. The Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) gave band peaks which were characteristic to specific functional groups. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles of the five samples contain higher amount of Zn both in atomic concentration, weight concentration and few other elements which showed high rate of purity of the samples, while the SEM and XRD revealed clustered flake-like crystal arrangement of nanorod-like structures. The antibacterial activity revealed zone of clearance on some and little or none zone of clearance on others. Escherichia coli, Klebisiella species and Pseudomonas aerugenosa recorded higher zones of inhibition. This study reveals another application of the use ofnanoparticles in the control of bacterial diseases and could be very suitable for those in animal husbandry and livestock management to reduce drastically the ever growing rate of antibiotic resistance.
Open Access
Factors influencing contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Owerri North Local Government area, Imo State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-09) Paul, Tiebet Ufot,
This study was carried out to determine factors influencing contraceptive use among women of reproductive age. This was a community based descriptive survey which took place in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria among women of reproductive age. Simple random sampling was used to select thirty percent of semi-urban and rural autonomous communities. A structured self-administered questionnaire which examined the socioeconomic characteristics, cultural factors, proportion of women on any method of contraceptive and health facility factors was administered to three hundred and ninety seven respondents. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for the social Sciences (SPSS) version21. Frequencies were generated and Chi-square was used to test significance. Level of significance was set at 0.05. A total of three hundred and ninety six(396)questionnaires were retrieved. Findings of this study revealed that most respondents 72 (58.0%) who uses contraceptive method regularly were between the age range of 33-41 years and 69 (53.1%) in the age range of 24-32 compared to women in the age range of 15-23 who recorded low usage 129(20.3%). The commonest reason for 144(87.3%) respondents on low usage was that their husband/partner do not support them on any method of contraceptive. The study revealed that Condom (Female), prolonged breast feeding and periodic abstinence126(61.8%) were the more commonly used current method of contraception compared to pills, intrauterine device and injectables which recorded 69(33.8%). The findings revealed that a big portion 81(83.5%) of women don’t get their contraceptive method as at when due while 50(89.35%) of women said the contraceptive methods were not affordable. Factors found to be significantly associated with contraceptive use were: age level, educational level, occupation, support from partners/husband, accessibility , availability of contraceptive methods and decision making by partners/husband . Re-education on the complications and benefits of contraceptive use should be carried out by health workers so as to improve contraceptive uptake. Female education and male involvement should also be advocated.
Open Access
The application of lean-six-sigma methodology in the manufacturing sector
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2018-06) Olanrewaju, Folorunso Sulaimon
This research on application of lean six sigma methodology in the manufacturing company was carried out in the Nigerian Breweries at Enugu. Nigerian Breweries was selected for the study because it has many production lines, operating systems and management strategies which were not properly developed. The main objective of this study was to determine how application of lean six sigma can be used to minimize product and time wastes. Three production lines (line A, B and C) were considered and data were collected from each production line. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical tools. The result obtained from the analysis showed that the two (2) defects on the labelling in line A occurred at the beginning of the batch production. In line B the corking machine produced some bottles without cork. The extraction forces in Line A and B were well centered between the limits 20 and 40N while line C shifted to the left with more samples under lower specification limit of 20N. The result obtained showed the relationship between the oxygen and vacuum with respect to the pressure exerted on the cork. Capability analysis result showed that the corking machine in line B was working in a capable process with number of defects less than 0.13% which was much better than the one in line A. Line A had 0.17% of bottles rejected in the filling machine which showed that 0.028% were mistakes of the normal variability of the process. VSM analysis result showed that 32mins from the lead time were not value added activities, thus only 28.2% was value added time. Though the greater time was in the inventory before the washing machines. A reduction of 37.7% in value added time was achieved. The cause-effect diagram provided the main priorities to control and solve the problem of number of defects in each production line. The study recommended the adoption of the output of this work to other similar company.
Open Access
Analysis of the influence of economic growth on trend of sea piracy and armed robbery attacks in Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-07) Ogwo, Nwokeka Eme
The study analyzed the influence of economic growth on trend of sea piracy and armed robbery attacks against ships in the Nigeria territorial waters. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of the growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), revenue generated by the maritime transport sub-sector, and youth unemployment rate on trend of pirate attacks against ships trading in Nigeria waters. The expost facto research design was employed in which the historical data on GDP, revenue generated by the maritime transport sub-sector, youth unemployment rate and pirate attacks against ships were obtained from secondary sources. Log linear multiple regression analysis and trend analysis methods were employed to analyze the data obtained. It was found that the model showing the relationship depicting the influence of GDP growth, growth in revenue generated by the maritime transport sub-sector and unemployment rate on pirate attacks against ships in the waters of Nigeria is: InPIRATE attacks = 2.760 - 1.160InGDP - 0.05InMAREV + 0.258InUNRATE. The implication is that a unit annual increase in GDP (economic growth) causes the pirate attacks against ships to decrease by 3.81units while a unit increase in revenue generated by the maritime transport sub-sector induces a 0.007 unit decrease sea pirate attacks against ships in Nigeria. A unit increase in youth unemployment rate increases pirate attacks against ships in the Nigeria waters by 0.158units. The trend of pirate attacks against ships in Nigeria waters over the period relative to the trends of GDP, revenue generated by the maritime transport sector and youth unemployment is: PIRATE attacks = 23.386 - 0.105Xt + Ɛ. It was recommended that economic growth should be translated into opportunities for economic empowerment of youth in other to bring about a significant decrease in pirate attacks against ships in Nigeria.
Open Access
Evaluation of delay related factors in Niger Delta development commission construction projects in University of Port Harcourt
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2022-02) Nkem, Nwaribe
This study focuses on the Evaluation of Delay Related Factors in Niger Delta Development Commission Construction Projects in University of Port Harcourt. The objectives include to analyse the selected construction projects to determine their level of performance, and identify and analyse the delay factors in the face of the level of delay witnessed in the delivery of Niger Delta Development Commission hostel project in University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Descriptive statistics was partly used to analyze the performance data of the selected construction project from 2004 to 2012 which showed low performance due to high level of cost and time variations witnessed. The contributory factors to the low performance were identified. Based on this, five-point Likert’s scale questionnaire was designed and distributed to 136 respondents for assessment on the level of effect of the contributory factors on cost and time variations. The t-test analysis of the delay factors show that all the identified factors significantly affected the performance of the NDDC hostel project with contractor related factors having the highest effect on the delay witnessed. The correlation analysis show that the delay factors also have negative significant relationship with the economic development of the people of Port Harcourt. The relative severity index also ranked contractor related factors as the highest effective factor to the level of delay witnessed in the NDDC hostel project delivery. The study therefore recommends honesty and transparency among the players in the public sector or government agencies and construction industry, maximum attention by contractors to detailed design before tendering for projects, stability in the market prices of construction materials and efficient and effective tendering process before projects are awarded.
Open Access
Asseeement of anticorrosion and antifouling performance of epoxy-chitosan coating using computational simulation technique
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-07) Ikechukwu. Uzochukwu Nelson
Assessment of anticorrosion and antifouling performance of epoxy-chitosan coating in simulated marine water has been conducted using quantum chemical computations and molecular dynamic simulation technique. The objective was to gain insights into the molecular/atomistic level of the coating/metal interface to be able to design high performance anticorrosion and antifouling epoxy nanocomposite coatings for marine application. The coating formulation was based on diglydicyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy cured with 1,3 benzenediamine (BDA). Chitosan biopolymer nanoclusters were used as filler. Two different silane additives; tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxy silane (APTES) were used as hydrophobic modifiers. Mild steel and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were used as substrate and corrodent, respectively. LDOPA which is a major component of adhesive protein secreted by mussel was used as a foulant. Chitosan nanocluster was modified with each of the two different silane modifiers (TEOS, APTES), and then incorporated into the epoxy coating formulation. Computational results showed that the obtained quantum chemical parameters (EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, global softness, electronegativity, etc) are related to high corrosion protective capability. The adsorption energies (Eads) of the silane-modified chitosan/epoxy coatings were observed to be higher than the unsalinized chitosan/epoxy and plain epoxy coatings. It was also observed that the adsorption energy increased with the addition of silane modified chitosan nanocluster in the order: APTES>TEOS>chitosan. MD simulation was again used to probe antifouling potential of DGEBA-BDA/ chitosan and silane modified chitosan nanocluster by studying the interaction between the composite coating and L-DOPA which is a major component of adhesive protein secreted by mussel. Results showed that the adsorption energy reduced in the presence of silane modified chitosan nanocluster in the order: APTES
Open Access
Development of dynamic models to predict leakages in long distance natural gas transmission pipeline
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2022-12) Muoghalu, Paul Ifeanyi
A mathematical model based simulation of pipeline flow is developed and compared with result from simulation of field data to determine if the model is capable of detecting a leak in a pipeline. This research work present the development of mathematical based model for the prediction of leakages in pipelines conveying natural gas as well as collection of transient data for the testing and validation of this model. The model developed thus is given by �� = 1 + (1 − �/�)(�)(1�2 − 1)(147.4993 − 4.2624 �/�) and is developed by extending Fanning Equation due to pressure drop to be able to calculate the pressure drop along the length of natural gas transmission pipeline due to leakage. The characteristic changes in the flow mechanics and thermodynamics properties along the length of a pipeline were used in detecting the presence of leakages. Measurement of the pressure, flow and temperature data at both the upstream and downstream ends of the pipeline are used in developing the equations to govern the system in detecting the leak. The method was tested by obtaining field data from an existing pipeline infrastructure and subsequently simulating the pipeline in order to obtain the flow rate, pressure and temperature along the length of the pipeline; The 24 inch, 50KM export pipeline of AMENAM-KPONO field from AMP2 to Bonny in Niger Delta area of Nigeria was simulated using ASPEN HYSYS and the pressure profile along the length of the pipeline was obtained and compared with the pressure profile obtained by the solution of the mathematical model developed. The results of the developed model show that the approach is capable of theoretically determining the presence of leak in a pipeline.
Open Access
Design and performance evaluation of an improved photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector powered dryer
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2022-01) Munkailu, Abubakar Ahmed Sadiq
This work involves the design, construction and testing of an improved Photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) powered dryer used in the drying of agricultural products. The setup consists of a 0.989m2 PV panel, an air flow channel modified by fitting twenty curved aluminium vanes, each of height 50mm with a curvature radius of 31mm, thus covering a distance of 37mm from its base, a charge controller, temperature probes, thermo-couple temperature reader, a DC fan, a 12V battery and a 0.078m3 drying chamber constructed using a ply-wood. The PVT collector is formed by the assembly of the modified air-flow channel and the PV panel. The PVT collector outlet is connected to the drying chamber at an angle of 8.48 for maximum harvesting of solar radiation at the test location, with the setup facing due south. Air is drawn beneath the PV panel and subjected to a serpentine flow pattern through the configuration of the aluminium vanes in the air-flow channel. The air flow regime is aided by the use of a DC fan installed directly on the exit vent of the drying chamber thereby enabling the heated air drawn in from the PVT collector to be used for drying 5kg of cassava from the initial moisture content of 65% to the final moisture content of 15% wet basis. Temperature probes are fitted to the inlet and outlet region of the air flow channel, likewise in the drying chamber and the temperature readings are displayed on the digital thermo-couple temperature reader. The 12V battery powers the fan and the temperature reader during periods of low solar insolation while the charge controller ensures that the battery is continuously charged and at the same time protects the battery from being over charged. The PVT powered solar dryer was tested for a total of thirteen days: five days unloaded test and eight days of loaded test under the meteorological conditions of FUTO from 8:00h to 17:00h daily. The maximum recorded PV surface temperature for the loaded and unloaded tests are 49°C and 50°C respectively. The upper and lower regions of the drying chamber recorded identical maximum temperatures readings of 49°C during the unloaded test which corresponds to an 11°C rise from ambient temperature. Also, during the loaded test, the upper and lower region of the drying chamber recorded maximum temperatures of 47°C and 46°C respectively, corresponding to 9°C and 8°C rise in ambient temperature respectively. The PVT collector recorded an average thermal efficiency of 48.52% while the drying chamber efficiency ranged from 44.96 – 82.72% at a moisture removal rate of 0.07 – 0.21Kg/hr. Therefore addition of the curved aluminium vanes in the air-flow channel has significantly improved waste heat recovery efficiency from PV panel leading to overall PVT powered dryer performance improvement.
Open Access
The effect of plant extracts and essential oils on antimicrobial resistance Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from environmental sources
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-08) Okere, Chinyere E.
The continuous increase in resistance to antimicrobials amongst the Enterobacteriaceae constitutes a growing public health threat and so has necessitated the need to continuously search for alternative antimicrobial chemotherapy. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of plant extracts and essential oils on antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental sources. Three hundred isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were recovered from three (3) different environmental sources. The susceptibility of the isolates to ten (10) different antimicrobials was examined by the KirbyBauer technique. Thirty (30) isolates from each of the different sample types were also tested for extended β-lactamase production by the double disc synergy test and the susceptibility or otherwise of the isolates to essential oils and extracts from Moringa olifera seeds and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) was analysed using the well in agar diffusion assay. The rates of resistance to the antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin (95.4%), cefotaxime (66.1%), ertapenem (57.4%) ceftazedime (65.1%), imipenem (60.6%), meropenem (53.7%), azetreonam (42.7%), ciproflaxacin (44.9%), lavafloxacin (25.3%) and gentamycin (32%). Twenty (22.2%) Isolates were positive for ESBL production. Antimicrobial analysis of the essential oils against the ESBL producers showed no inhibitory activity while the plant extracts produced zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations of between 1.32 and 1.78 mg/ml for the two plant extracts tested. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tanins, flavonoids and glycosides in different quantities. Moringa olifera seed and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts could be used as effective alternatives for the treatment of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
Open Access
Assessment of selected highway maintenace project performance in Imo State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-02) Osuji, Uchechukwu Godwin
This study examined the circumstances and drivers that influence assessment of selected highway maintenance project performance with prior analysis on the causes of highways deterioration. Roads are the most important assets in any country, so keeping them in good condition is obviously critical for economic development. Afield survey research design was used on samples of three major highways and seventy-eight target respondents all in Imo State Nigeria. The instrument of questionnaire modeled in Likert five-point scale was used for data collection and measurement. A total of 18 causative factors of highways deteriorationand6success determinants for the maintenance were identified. The opinions and perceptions of experts who are conversant with highway maintenance projects performance were obtained based on the identified factors. The methods of data analysis were the relative Severity Index (RSI) for causes of deterioration sand multiple regression and correlation analysis for evaluation of determinants and drivers to assessment of selected highway maintenance project performance. The results and findings from RSI indicate that lack of drainage system and underground water, poor quality of; design, construction and maintenance materials are the severest factors for highway impairment. The results of the regression analysis indicate high correlation coefficient of 88.50%. The determinants and drivers to assessment of selected highway maintenance project performance in significant ranking order are: funding level and policy, degree of physical resources, capacity of construction technology etc. Based on the conclusion, sufficient annual budgetary provision should be captured for highway maintenance projects performance considering its economic importance. FERMA should explore more decisive technical capabilities for efficient utilization of resources for timely completion, improved condition of roads, solidity and reliability of highway maintenance project performance in Imo State.
Open Access
Intelligent agent service for detecting impersonators in online examination environment using K-nearest neighbor alorithm
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2020-10) Izu-Okpara, Ijeoma Onyinye
Intelligent Agent Service for Detecting Impersonators in Online Examination Environment was developed for managing major challenges such as security and cheating (impersonation) that is now a critical issue associated with online examination system or computer-based testing (CBT). The key informant interview technique, observations, and critical review of articles related to CBT methodologies (design and development) were used to gather facts regarding the study area. The agile software methodology was adopted as the software development life cycle based on its strengths in team work and efficient product delivery haven examined six different software methodologies. A multi-level security service was developed to handle various security threats at the different operational levels of the proposed system using 256-bit SSH algorithm, Merssene Twister Algorithm, 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Message Digest (MD) 5 algorithm. The K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) machine learning algorithm was implemented as an intelligent agent service to give the proposed system some intelligence in detecting and classifying a likely suspected case of impersonation and its severity level during an online examination. JavaScript, Hypertext preprocessor (PHP), MySQL, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and Python programming language were used to develop the software prototype. Unified Modeling Language (UML) such as sequence diagram and usecase diagram were used to model the system behavior and interactivity. The developed system accuracy in terms of the algorithm used for detecting impersonators was evaluated using confusion matrix. Results revealed 98% accuracy with the K-NN algorithm implemented. Finally, the results based on the acceptance testing done also revealed that 86% of the users strongly agreed with the performance level of the developed platform; hence, recommendations is made for the proposed system to be adopted by Nigerian Universities and companies based on its effectiveness in impersonation detection.
Open Access
Effect of prolonged exposure to generator fume and spent oil on selected soil microbial enzymes .
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-10) Mbah, Gold Obianuju
The effect of prolonged exposure to generator fume and spent oil on selected soil microbial enzymes (lipase, catalase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase) was evaluated by analyzing the microbiological and enzyme activity of the soil samples. The polluted soil samples were obtained from the generator house at OkBol cyber services, popularly known as BJ services in FUTO in Ihiagwa/North-West local government area of Imo State. The samples which comprises of the top soil, sub soil and sub-sub soil were aseptically collected using plastic auger in different portions ; epicenter (where the generator was placed), 1m and 2ms away from the epicenter N (North),S (South),E(East),W(West) . Twenty–seven different soil samples were collected from generator fume polluted site known as ‘BJ business center’ and three soil samples from the Department of Biochemistry which serves as the control. Soil microbial load, air sampling, and enzyme activities were determined using standard procedures. The highest heterotrophic bacteria count (7.45x107± 2.58 cfu/g) was recorded from location 1(South) sub soil (2m away from epicenter sub soil) while the least (0.9x107±1.1 cfu/g) was from the location 3 (North) sub sub soil (1m away from its epi center ). The result obtained showed a significant difference (p> 0.05) in the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi count between the control and the soil samples from the various locations. The bacterial genera isolated from the polluted site were Bacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, Moraxella spp, Micococci spp, Vibro cholera, Staphylococci spp, Pseudomonas spp, Yersinia spp, Shigella spp, Actinomyces spp, Citrobacter spp while bacteria genera isolated from the unpolluted soil were Escherichia coli . The spent oil degrading bacterial genera were Enterobacter spp, Micrococci spp, Pseudomonas spp, Vibro cholera, Alcagenes spp, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococci spp, Serratia spp, Escherichia coli, Actinomyces spp, Moraxella spp, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Serratia spp, Streptococci spp, Shigella spp. The fungi genera identified were Asperigillius fumigatus, Asperigillus niger, Coccidioides immitis, Candida spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Scopulanopsis spp, Aspergillus flavus while the spent oil degrading fungi genera were Scopulanopsis spp, Coccidioides immitis, Penicillum spp, Cladosporium carronii, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger. Micrococci spp was the most prevalent bacteria isolate and Moraxella spp, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp, Vibro cholera and Actinomyces spp were the least. Kiebsiella spp was the most prevalent spent oil degrading bacteria isolate and Cladosporium carronii, Aspergillus flavus were the least spent oil degrading bacteria isolate. Coccidioides immitis was the most prevalent fungi and the prevalent spent oil degrading fungi isolate. Fusarium spp was the least isolated fungi while Cladosporium carronii and Aspergillus niger were the least spent oil degrading fungi isolate. The enzymatic profile revealed that the top soil had the highest acid and alkaline phosphatases activities at 1m away from epicenter locations west (w) and south(s) with the values of 0.0035 ± 0.002 and 20.26 ± 0.07 respectively while the sub soil had the highest catalase and lipase activities at 1m away from epicenter locations west (w) and south(s) with the values of 5.5 ± 0.01 and 88.50 ± 0.01 respectively. Result showed that these selected soil enzymes (catalase, lipase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) were adversely affected due to prolonged exposure of hydrocarbons released by the generators. The overall variability in enzyme activities of soil strata from different polluted locations defined the pattern of soil contamination, which could serve as biomarkers for ascertaining level of soil pollution as well as monitorial indices for bioremediation.
Open Access
Assesment of safety in Nigeria construction industries
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-07) Mmegha, Remigius Tochukwu
The study investigated the occupational health and safety of the Nigeria casual worker in the building construction sites for the purpose of establishing the critical issues affecting the overall welfare and safety of casual workers on building construction sites. The population of the study is 235 construction workers/staff in five selected construction sites in Anambra State. A sample of 174 was selected from a cluster junior and senior staff using the random sampling technique. A 48-item, 5-point Likert-type instrument was used to elicit responses that formed the data for the study. The descriptive statistics(frequencies, percentages) were used in answering the research questions and to describe the characteristics of the respondents, while the hypotheses were tested with Chisquare. The results showed that accidents occur in construction sites and the most common sources are trench collapse, faulty assemble of scaffolding and falls; the most common health/safety problems are dislocation of joints, eye problem, chest/heart problem, vibration of white finger, and deafening; among the factors responsible for health/safety problems of constructions workers are complacency, indulgence in unsafe acts, use of improper tools, unguarded open holes, non-use of personal protective equipment and safety gadgets, bad layout and organization, bad construction and design, faulty machines or tools/work techniques, taking things from machine while on motion, insensitivity and responsiveness. The findings further indicate that measures for mitigating health hazards in construction include training, competence, supervision and clear instructions, access to washing and toilet facilities, access to the right tools, equipment, plant and protective clothing, employees’ health surveillance, abstinence from alcohol/drugs and use of mechanism to report all work-related illness to the appropriate authorities. Finally, the results showed that observance of health and safety procedures significantly controls the rate and nature of accidents on construction sites. The study thus concludes that construction is a risky industry. Though, so many hazards are present at construction sites, observance of health and safety procedures significantly control the rate and nature of accidents on construction sites. Among the recommendations to control hazards in construction site is that the regulatory body should be set up to monitor the safety of construction workers and to sanction companies whose staff are adjudged highly prone to accidents at construction sites.