School of Egineering and Engineering Technology

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Open Access
Influence of metakaolin and nano-clay on compressive strength and thickening time of class G oil well cement
(Scholarone manuscript, 2019) Arinkoola, Akeem Olatunde; Salam, Kazeem Kolapo; Alagbe, Solomon Oluyemi; Afolayan, Ayodele Sunday; Salawudeen, Taofeek Olalekan; Jimoh, Monsurat Omolola; Duru, Ilozurike Ugochukwu; Hammed, Jimoh Olugbenga; Adeosun, Tunde Adamson
In this research, the Compressive Strength (CS) and Thickening Time (TT) of oil well cement with different Metakaolin (MK) dosage was evaluated in the presence of Nanoclay (NC). The variables were randomized in a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) experiment using 5 - 15 wt. % MK by weight of cement and 5-15 wt. % NC by weight of MK. The CS and thickening time were assessed and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The result shows that, CS increases linearly with NC and hyperbolically with MK. Cement slurries with 5–15 wt.% NC shorten TT by about 35 minutes in the presence of 5 wt.% MK. TT reduction of 103 minutes was recorded when MK was increased to 15 wt.% in the slurry with 5wt.% NC. At optimum condition, 10.78 wt. % MK and 13.73 wt. % NC resulted in CS and TT of 3029±2.65 psi and 410±1.25 minutes, respectively.
Open Access
Performance characteristics of Parkia biglobosa as fluid loss control agent in aqueous mud system
(2020) Uwaezuoke, Nnaemeka; Onwukwe, Ibuchukwu S.; Igwilo, Chinwuba K.; Duru, Ugochukwu I.; Obah, B.
Recent trend in the use of biomaterials in oilfield applications involves minimum refining and purification. The effectiveness of Parkia biglobosa as fluid loss control additive in aqueous based mud was tested according to API standard. The effect of temperature on the formulation was determined to identify any deviation due to presence of the material in the formulation. At 8ppb concentration used, 3.6mL fluid loss and 1.1mm filter cake thickness were recorded; compared with 8mL and 0.8mm, and 5.4mL and 0.8mm of Pleurotus and PAC respectively. Both fluid loss and filter cake thickness increased with increase in temperature. A low-flat discontinuous gel was observed at elevated temperatures which is desirable. Other drilling fluid rheological parameters were not adversely altered by the presence of the material, even at elevated temperature conditions. The biodegradable material was found to be suitable as fluid loss agent, both in effectiveness and environmental consideration since it is biodegradable, and might reduce cost of formulation since minimum processing is required.
Open Access
Performance evaluation of Mucuna solannie as a drilling fluid additive in water-base mud at cold temperature
(Academic journals, 2020) Duru, U. I.; Onyejekwe, I. M.; Isu, D. O.; Uwaezuoke, N.; Arinkoola, A. O.
Weighted and unweighted aqueous mud formulations from a biomaterial, at cold temperature of 5°C, were tested for their rheological characteristics. Based on API guidelines and recommended equipment for drilling fluid tests, the rheological properties of the formulations were determined. The muds exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. The fluid loss volumes of the weighted and unweighted muds are 14 and 21 ml, respectively, while the filter cake thicknesses are 2.5 and 3 mm, respectively. The yield stresses of the weighted and unweighted muds are 209 and 159 lb/100 ft2 , respectively. Plastic viscosity of 42 cP for the weighted mud against 23 cP for the unweighted mud showed that the weighted mud has a better cutting lifting capacity if PV is used as an indicator. Mucuna solannie additive can also perform in cold temperature, and has the potential to be used in cold temperature drilling.
Open Access
Performance of water injection in oil rim reservoir recovery factor
(STM Journals, 2014) Onwukwe, Stanley; Duru, Ugochukwu; Obah, Boniface
This study examines the potential improvements in recovery factors in optimizing oil production from oil rim reservoirs through water injection and without water injection (i.e. primary production) scenarios in the development strategies of the oil rim reservoirs.A generic simulation model developed from ECLIPSE dynamic simulator was used as core representative of oil rim reservoirs to experiment production optimization with and without water injection. Reservoir data of permeability, oil rim thickness, fluid properties, m-factor, aquifer strength and process parameters sampled from the Niger Delta oil field were used and a lacket-Burman Design of experiment (DOE) was used to give a central sensitivity results from the simulation runs. Recovery factors were obtained for the two different production scenarios: primary production and production under water injection. Regression analyses were carried out on the experimental results to generate proxyequations for recovery factor for the two production scenarios. It was observed that the use of water injection is irrelevant for oil rims with active water aquifer. However, waterinjection will increase the ultimate recovery of oil rim reservoirs under weak aquifer.
Open Access
Optimizing liquid recovery from a gas condensate reservoir operating below dew poin
(U. P., 2019) Ariche, Princewill O; Onwukwe, S. I.; Duru, Ugochukwu; Chikwe, Anthony
Fluid flow in gas condensate reservoir is very complex and involves phase changes, multiphase flow of the fluid, phase redistribution in and around the wellbore and retrograde condensation. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of hydraulic fracturing on gas and liquid production of gas condensate reservoir with pressure below dewpoint. This research utilised a compositional simulator (Eclipse 300) with a single vertical well model, relative permeability model,fluid and PVT parameters to model a gas condensate reservoir operating below dewpoint. Two cases were investigated. Case 1 is a control scenario where the reservoir was unfractured and allowed pressure to deplete using the reservoir energy. Case 2 represents a hydraulic fractured reservoir to ascertain the effect of fracturing on liquid and gas production. The hydraulic fracturing job was done using dual porosity dual permeability condensation model in Eclipse 300 with a conductive fracture attached closer to the wellbore with various fracture parameters. After ten years of production, the cumulative liquid production was 957803STB for the unfractured case. Fracturing the reservoir at fracture half length of 1000ft, fracture width of 0.03ft, fracture permeability of 1000md gave a cumulative liquid production of 1055936STB after ten years of production. Increasing the fracture half length to 2000ft, fracture width to 0.06ft, fracture permeability to 2000md gave a total liquid production of 1056137STB. Further increase of fracture half length to 3000ft, fracture width to 0.1ft and fracture permeability to 3000md gave a total liquid production of 1057139STB. The result obtained showed that continuous increase in fracture parameters may not result to an economic liquid recovery. Based on cumulative liquid production and economic feasibility of the project, a fracture half length of 1000ft, fracture width of 0.03ft and fractured permeability of 1000md proved optimal for the reservoir considered.
Open Access
A comprehensive review on the feasibility and challenges of millimeter wave in emerging 5G mobile communication
(U. P., 2019) Agubor, Cosmas Kemdirim; Akwukwuegbu, Isdore; Olubiwe, Mathew; Nosiri, Chikezie Onyebuchi; Ehinomen, Atimati; Olukunle, Akande Akinyinka; Okozi, Samuel Okechukwu; Ezema, Longinus; Okeke, Benjamin Chukwujekwu
This article presents a comprehensive review on the feasibility and challenges of millimeter wave in emerging fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. 5G, a multigigabit wireless network is the next generation wireless communication network. The mmWave cellular system which operates in the 30-300 GHz band has been proposed for use as the propagation channel. Its large bandwidth potential makes it a candidate for the next-generation wireless communication system which is believed to support data rates of multiple Gb/s. High frequency bands such as mmWave have channel impairments. These impairments are challenges that are necessary to be properly understood. Employing mmWave as a propagation channel requires dealing with these challenges which this paper is aimed at reviewing. One aim of the work is to discuss these challenges in a more elaborate manner using simple mathematical equations and graphics to ensure clarity. To achieve this, current related works were studied. Challenges and solutions are identified and discussed. Suggested research directions for future work are also presented. One is developing suitable electronic such as fast analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) systems necessary for the transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) system.
Open Access
Metal Forming Processes
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-07-06) School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering.
Open Access
Effect of filler loading and particle size on the mechanical properties of periwinkle shell-filled recycled polypropylene composite
(U. P., 2017) Onuoha, C.; Onyemaobi, O. O.; Anyakwo, C. N.; Onuegbu, G. C.
Mechanical properties of composites of recycled polypropylene filled with periwinkle shell powder were investigated. Periwinkle shells used in this study were thoroughly cleaned, ground and sieved to three particle sizes of 150, 300 and 425 µm respectively. Filler loadings of 0 to 25 wt% were used in compounding the composites in an injection moulding machine and the resulting composites were extruded as sheets. Some mechanical properties were determined. Results showed that periwinkle shell powder improved the tensile strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus and hardness of polypropylene composites. These properties were found to increase with filler loading up to 15 wt% or 20 wt% loading (optimal filler loading) but decrease with filler particle size. However, elongation at break was found to decrease with increasing filler loading. Highest tensile and flexural strengths were obtained at 15 and 20 wt% respectively at 150 µm particle size. It is therefore concluded that periwinkle shell powder is suitable for the production of polypropylene composites
Open Access
Review of polymer-matrix composites welded to aluminium alloys
(U. P., 2023) Ndukwe, Agha Inya; Onuoha, Chukwudike; Njoku, Chioma Emmanuella; Dan, Nsikan Etim; Anaele, Justus Uchenna
This review covers previous work by different scholars on welding polymer-matrix composites to aluminium alloys between 2015 and 2021. The highest tensile shear stress measured for the joint between polymer-matrix composite and aluminium (AA7075) alloy was 59.9 MPa. Welding using top thermic friction stir was the method that produced the desired outcome. Additionally, the aluminium (AA2024) alloy and fibre-reinforced polymer composite were joined using an ultrasonic metal welding procedure, which produced a weld with a high tensile shear strength of roughly 58 MPa. The friction-aided joining of carbon fibre-reinforced polyphenylene sulphide composites and aluminium (AA7075) alloy has been studied by researchers. A laser treatment was applied to the aluminium surface to enhance the interlocking between the two materials being combined. This development was reported to cause inadequate bonding between the polymer-matrix composite and the metal. Despite this, the joints demonstrated significant load-bearing capacities of up to 10.7 kN
Open Access
Characterization of some Nigerian local clays for electrical porcelain applications
(American Institute of Science, 2015) Ovri, J. E. O.; Onuoha, C.
Clays from Ibere and Awo-omama were characterized for electrical porcelain application. Test samples were made by varying the compositions of feldspar and quartz required to form mouldable plastic bodies with each clay. The following properties were determined: electrical resistivity, apparent porosity, water absorption and linear shrinkage. This characterization was carried out for both the locally made porcelains and the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) (standard) porcelain. Results obtained showed that, for both clays, apparent porosity, water absorption and electrical resistivity increased with increase in the composition of the non-plastic materials (feldspar and quartz) while linear shrinkage decrease with increase in non-plastic materials. Also, for both clays, samples containing 50-70% clays, 20-30% feldspar and 10-20% quartz were found to yield results that compared well with results found in the literature as well as results obtained for PHCN (Standard) porcelain. It is therefore concluded that both clays are suitable for electrical porcelain application
Open Access
Physical and morphological properties of periwinkle shell-filled recycled polypropylene composites
(U. P., 2017) Onuoha, C.; Onyemaobi, O. O.; Anyakwo, C. N.; Onuegbu, G. C.
Physical and morphological properties of periwinkle shell-filled recycled polypropylene composites were studied. Periwinkle shells used in this study were processed and sieved to three particle sizes of 150, 300 and 425 µm respectively. Filler loadings of 0 to 25 wt% were used in compounding the composites in an injection moulding machine and the resulting composites were extruded as sheets. Some physical and morphological properties were determined. Results showed that the incorporation of periwinkle shell powder into the recycled polypropylene matrix increased the specific gravity of the composites. Increase in filler loading resulted to increase in specific gravity probably due to enhanced dispersion of fillers. However, increase in filler particle size led to decreased specific gravity due to poor filler dispersion and consequent filler agglomeration. Water sorption was found to increase with increase in both filler loading and filler particle size due to the hydrophilic nature of the filler and enhanced porosity created by large particles. Flame propagation was found to decrease with increase in both filler loading and filler particle size due to the evolution of CO2 in the combustion process, which suppresses the burning rate. There was increase in solvent sorption with increase in both filler loading and filler particle size. It was also noticed that solvent sorption was most pronounced in benzene, followed by toluene and lastly xylene. This is in accordance with the order of closeness of their solubility parameters with that of polypropylene. Morphological analysis revealed enhanced spherulization and dispersion with smaller particle sizes but enlarged spherulization and consequent agglomeration at larger particles sizes. Based on these results, periwinkle shell can be considered suitable for the production of recycled polypropylene composites
Open Access
Evaluation of non-asbestos brake pads using yates analysis
(U. P., 2021) Asotah, W. A.; Onuoha, C.
Non-asbestos brake pads are a suitable alternative to asbestos-filled brake pads. The carcinogenic nature of asbestos necessitates this. Organic, non-asbestos brake pads were evaluated to attain their effectiveness at elevated temperatures of 250˚C, 260˚C and 270˚C. Using the Yates approach, asbestos-free (corn husk based) brake pads were subjected to a heating regime for 7s, 8s, and 9s. Microstructural examination, hardness and tensile tests were then carried out. The values obtained showed that approximately the overall hardness of the brake pad specimen did not change during use. This suggests that brake pads made using corn husks as filler for the given formulation maintain their microstructural and physical integrity at slightly elevated temperature
Open Access
Effect of austempering process parameters on the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron quenched in moringa seed oil
(2020) Chima, O. M.; Onuoha, C.; Nwokeocha, T. O.; Uwalaka, A.
The use of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is rapidly gaining ground because of its excellent properties such as high strength, high wear and abrasion resistance, excellent fatigue, high toughness and high strength-to-weight ratio, that are suitable for most of engineering applications. However, determination of the right process parameters needed to developADI products with combination of desirable properties that are most appropriate for specific application is a major challenge that faces production and material design engineers. There is need to ensure that ADI materials are either over-or under- processed to guarantee the development of the candidate material required for an engineering application. Hence, the effects of austempering process parameters on the mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron were studied. Ductile cast iron was developed by alloying cast with 0.06% magnesium. The cast samples were machined and then austenized at 9500C, held at this temperature for 1 hour before quenching in moringa seed oil. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to isothermal treatment at different austempering temperatures of 2400C, 3500C and 4200C for different time durations of 2.5, 3.5 and 4 hours. The samples of the austempered ductile cast iron were examined for microstructural details and then subjected to tensile testing, hardness and percentage elongation. The results obtained within the time range of 2.5 – 4 hours for the various temperatures of 2400C, 3500C, 4200C indicate that the values of tensile strength, hardness and percentage elongation were within the ranges of 1151 – 849MPa, 306 – 267BHN and 2.86 – 5.97% respectively. It was found that austempering temperature range of 350 - 4200C yielded increase in percentage elongation with decrease in tensile strength and hardness. This is due to the presence of coarser ausferrite matrix with higher amount of carbon diffusion. However, lower temperature austempering process such as 2500C showed improved tensile strength and hardness with low ductility. This shows that optimum tensile strength value of ADI is obtainable at low austempering temperature while maximum elongation requires higher austempering temperature. It was therefore concluded that at specific austempering temperature, the mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron could vary with time and temperature. Thus, there is a strong correlation between specific engineering properties of austempered cast iron and the austempering parameters
Open Access
Development and evaluation of composite brake pad using pulverized snail shell and mucuna sloanei shell as base materials
(College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, MOUAU, 2020-06) Chima, O. M.; Simeon, B. I.; Onuoha, C.
The development and evaluation of a new composite material for automobile brake pad application has been carried out in this study. The brake pad sample was produced with the geometric specification of 504 saloon model. The constituent materials include snail shell with mucuna sloanei shell as filler, iron oxide as abrasive, epoxy resin as matrix, glass fiber as reinforcement and graphite as the friction modifier. The weight composition in grams of the first three constituent materials were kept constant while those of the reinforcement and friction modifier materials were varied at various values of (30 and 25), (20 and 30), (15 and 15) and (5 and 20) grams to develop four different formulations represented as A, B, C and D. These formulated composite mixtures were used to produce the brake pad samples using standard factory procedures. The test samples were thereafter tested for both coefficients of dynamic and static friction, wear rate and hardness. The results obtained showed that formulations A, B, C, and D have values of (0.46 and 0.43), (0.47 and 0.44), (0.42 and 0.37) and (0.43 and 0.40) for static and dynamic coefficients of friction respectively. The wear rate values of 3.5, 3.6, 4.7 and 4.9mg/m were obtained for formulations A, B, C and D respectively while the hardness values of 46, 44, 38 and 30 HRB were noted in the similar order. The optimum value for coefficient of friction was obtained in formulation B while the best wear behavior and hardness value were given by formulation A. It was found that increase in the percentage weight composition of the friction modifier improved the coefficient of friction while increase in the percentage weight composition of the reinforcement material decreased or enhanced the wear rate. The performance evaluation of the formulated brake pad material shows that the properties compare well with the foreign asbestos-based products. Hence, it was concluded that snail shell and mucuna sloanei shell should be used based at the specified composition as base materials for brake pad application
Open Access
Determination of the durability of polyurethane coating on mild steel in various soil media
(Asian Research Association, 2022-05-24) Anyanwu, K. O.; Anyakwo, C. N.; Ndukwe, A. I.; Onuoha, C.; Agu, P. C.
In this paper, effort has been made to determine the durability of polyurethane coating on mild steel in acid, alkaline and neutral soil. A total of 42 mild steel coupons were used. Out of the 42 coupons, 21 were coated with polyurethane and the remaining 21 were left uncoated. Acid soil (pH = 4.5), Alkaline soil (pH =13.5) and neutral soil (pH = 6.8) were used as the test media. Seven each of the coated and uncoated coupons were buried in each soil media. On weekly basis, one coated and one uncoated coupon were withdrawn from each of the soil media and reweighed. The durability of the coating in each soil media was calculated using a proposed model. From the results obtained, the durability of polyurethane coating was found to be 7.0yrs, 4.5yrs and 2.9yrs in neutral, acid and alkaline soil respectively
Open Access
Implementation of experimental design in evaluating the mechanical properties of ceramic composites
(Worldwide Open Access Publisher, 2022) Asotah, Wisdom; Onuoha, Chukwudike; Medupin, Olawale; Elakhame, Zeberu
The influence of independent variables (firing temperature and residue content) on mechanical properties – hardness, compressive strength, flexural strength, compression modulus and energy at the break – of ceramic composites was investigated through experimental design. Microstructural evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineralogical identification using x-ray diffraction (XRD) was also accomplished to understand the structure-property relationship. In analysing the observed data, variance analysis was employed to determine the statistical significance of the factors on the responses and regression equations showing correlations were developed. The observed data were shown to accept the null hypothesis for hardness, compression modulus and compressive strength, while flexural strength and energy at break rejected the null hypothesis judging by the p-value. The flexural strength showed a good correlation, but the influence of firing temperature and residue was minimal. However, both factors' square was shown to influence the flexural strength considerably. The study presents a systematic way to understand causal relationships, ensuring that product specifications and quality are met.
Open Access
Modeling the mechanical properties of clay powder filled recycled low density polyethylene composites
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-07-31) Onyedika, Gerald Okwuchi; Onuegbu, Genevive Chinyere; Onuoha, Chukwudike
This study modeled some mechanical properties of clay powder filled recycled low-density polyethylene, rLDPE (rLDPE composite). The rLDPE is commonly referred to as used sachet water bags. The clay powder (filler) was obtained by sun-drying, grinding, and sieving. Two particle sizes of clay powder were used: −90 µm and −425 µm to represent the passing sizes at different clay powder contents of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% which were thoroughly mixed with the recycled low-density polyethylene in an injection molding machine at 173˚C. The results showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, hardness, flexural strength, fatigue strength and hardness increased with increase in clay powder contents. However, there were decreases in strain-at-breakage and shear strength as clay powder content increased. Model equations showed that smaller particle size enhanced the mechanical properties and equations generated can be used to predict the properties of composites at predetermined clay contents. Standard deviations obtained for the various mechanical properties show that the model, in most cases had the lowest degree of scatter (dispersion) than those of −90 µm and −425 µm. Hence, these models are suitable to predict outcomes of the properties of the clay filled recycled low-density polyethylene composites
Open Access
Tribological behaviour of periwinkle shell powder-filled recycled polypropylene composites
(SciPress, 2019) Onuoha, Chukwudike
Polymer composites are increasingly replacing metals in structures such as gears, wheels, clutches, housings, bushings and other areas where tribology is of great importance. Various ways are used to improve the tribological behaviour of neat polymers, and the most familiar method is the incorporation of fibres/fillers in the polymer to produce composites. In this present research, the tribological behaviour of periwinkle shell powder-filled recycled polypropylene composite was studied. Injection moulding was used for the preparation of the composites and the impact strength, wear resistance and fatigue strength were examined. SEM was utilized to support the discussion of the results. The results showed that the incorporation of periwinkle shell powder into polypropylene improved the wear resistance and fatigue strength but showed no improvement in impact strength
Open Access
Characterization of Ibere clay for the production of electrical porcelain pin insulators
(International Research Journal Publishers, 2014-06) Onuoha, C.; Ovri, J. E. O.; Mark, U.
The characterization of Ibere clay for the production of porcelain pin insulators was carried out for both the locally made porcelains and the standard. Test samples were made by varying the compositions of feldspar and quartz needed to form a mouldable plastic body with the clay. The following properties were determined: electrical resistivity, apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density and linear shrinkage. Results obtained showed that apparent porosity, water absorption and electrical resistivity increased with increase in the composition of the non-plastic materials (feldspar and quartz) while bulk density and linear shrinkage decreased with increase in non-plastic materials. The chemical composition of the clay (43.94%SiO2, 26.54%Al2O3) compares well with previous works (40-60%Si2O, 25-45%l2O3) for the production of ceramic refractories. Linear shrinkage (8.33-9.68%), apparent porosity (10.81-17.30%) and water absorption (5.4110.84%) are in conformity with standards (7-10%, 16.45% and 8.20% respectively). Electrical resistivities recorded (0.79-1.39 x 107Ω-m) are in agreement with results obtained for standard (0.45 x 107Ω-m). These results are obtained in samples containing 50-70% clay, 20-30% feldspar and 10-20% quartz. It is therefore concluded that imported porcelains used by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) can be replaced with porcelains made from Ibere clay.
Open Access
Optimization of biodegradation of anthracene by corynebacterium sp and pseudomonas putida
(U.P., 2015-05) Azeez, Taofik Oladimeji; Owabor, Chiedu Ngozi; Nwakaudu, Madueke Stanley; Usondu, Nnamuzie Francis
The carcinogenic potential of industrial effluent discharged of anthracene on the ambient environment withcontamination to soils and aquifers is not only environmental concern but difficulty in implementation of biodegradation of anthracene due to inability to optimizing the process parameters. The optimization of process parameters for biodegradation of anthracene with the activity of Corynebacterium sp and Pseudomonas putida using response surface methodology was aimed to be investigated. A 23 of full factorial central composite design was employed for developed quadratic polynomial model to achieve optimal performance of the process. Statistically,high correlation coefficient (R2 ) for quadratic polynomial model for biodegradation of anthracene by activity of Corynebacterium sp 0.9659 (p<0.05)and Pseudomonas putida 0.9939 (p<0.05)were obtained. The optimum conditions for anthracene degradation by Corynebacterium sp were 69.99g/L, 83.20hours and 3.4735vvm with about 98.48 percent of anthracene degraded while Pseudomonas putida were 69.989g/L, 83.58hours and 3.5vvm with 89.51percent of anthracene degraded.

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