Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
A Review of economic potentials of the river port of Onitsha
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-02) Okonkwo, Chukwuka
Inland waterways are one sector of transportation that has been grossly underutilized the world over, despite being one of the earliest form of transportation and facilitator of trade between people. This study aims to review the economic potentials of the Onitsha inland river port. The study adopted a mixed method research design as data were sourced from the secondary source (NIWA, NPA statistical bulletins & journals) and primary source using a well-structured likert modelled questionnaires administered to about 50 respondents. The data gathered were subjected to analysis using tools such as Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Time series modeller and Trend analysis with the aid of AHP calculator and IBM Statistics Package for Social Scientists (SPSS V21) computer software. The findings depicts that the volume of import cargos from seaports destined for the southeast states which forms the hinterland for the river port shows a significant positive trend estimated by the linear regression line Y = 14075X – 18057. The time series modeller used to analyze the cargo trend series shows an acceptable value of R-squared and stationary R-squared of 72.3% and a mean average percentage error of 50.066%, indicating that the present are approximately 50% short of predicted volume by trend. The AHP results indicate that inland waterways (0.5276), road (trucking) (0.2527) and air (0.2197) in that order are the preferred mode of freight movement for logistics operators in the south east if presented with alternatives. The following factors in descending order forms the basis of their choice of freight means; safety (0.6026), timeliness (0.1822), costs (0.1174), efficiency (0.0691) and carrying capacity (0.0286). In conclusion, the southeast bound import cargoes from the seaports can well serve the Onitsha river port and are even short of their projected volume for the time period under study. It was recommended that the government should ensure continuous dredging of inland waterways and river banks to ensure all round navigability of the waterways. Government or future concessionaires of Onitsha river port should ensure installation of handling and storage facilities for bulk agricultural products like grain storage silos, pumps and tanks for vegetable oil, etc. to ensure the river port is capable of handling shipments of bulk agricultural products.
Open Access
Accumulation of heavy metals in fish, water, and sediment samples from Oguta lake.
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-08) Shittu, Usman Akorede
This work was carried out to ascertain the accumulation of heavy metals in fish, water, and sediment samples from Oguta Lake. Triplicate batches of the samples were taken from three sampling points along the river coast, and the physicochemical parameters were analyzed in the laboratory using gravimetric, titrimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Hg) in water, sediment, and fish, insect, snail, and algal species from the lake were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Carcinogenic risk models were used to estimate the potential risks through the ingestion of fish, insects, snails, and algal in Oguta Lake. Pearson correlation multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to analyze the inter-relationship among heavy metals in water and sediments. Seasonal variation and the correlation matrix (ANOVA) of heavy metals were analyzed. The results obtained showed that the mean concentrations of physicochemical parameters ranged as follows: Temperature (26.04-29.35); pH (7.17-7.77); Free CO2 (9.78-10.34); BOD (10.14-10.42); TDS (22.23-28.04); EC (0.30-0.49); DO (5.69-5.86); Total Hardness (18.49-21.00); Turbidity (15.0317.76); Alkalinity (15.64-16.66); Sulfate (2.19-2.55); Ammonium (0.26-0.40). Comparison with WHO guidelines indicated that most parameters assayed were within permissible limits. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in water were: Pb (0.19±0.05); Cd (0.41±0.07); As (0.01±0.001); Ni (0.59 ±0.1); Mn (0.02±0.006); and Cu (2.24 ± 0.31). while the mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were: Pb (0.26±0.04); Cd (1.04±0.15); As (1.02±0.16); Ni (1.22± 0.24); Mn (1.98±1.68); and Cu (1.87 ± 0.58). Positive correlations were observed for the following pairs of metals in water and sediments: Pbw and Nis (r = 0.356), Cdw and Nis (r =0.237), Cuw and Mns (r = 0.325), Cdw and Pbs (r = 0.969*), and Asw and Ass (r = 0.967) at p< 0.05. Bioaccumulations of heavy metals were in the following order: fish > algal > snail > insect. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals from consuming fish, algae, and snails indicated that none of the heavy metals currently pose a health risk to consumers of these organisms in the study area, based on the dose. The results obtained from this study showed that heavy metal pollution is not yet a significant problem in Oguta Lake as of the time of this investigation.
Open Access
An efficient predictive model for choosing mobile cellular service provider in Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2015-07) Ohuabunwa, Augustine Ebere
Free competition and new network technology have increased competition and widened the range of network service available throughout the world. However, for cellular network service providers, loyalty is a rare trait among customers when it comes to choosing a particular mobile cellular system provider. Despite the huge financial commitment by companies into their respective communication technologies, users ultimately make decisions based on their perceived quality of service (QoS). This thesis attempts to identify the factors affecting the Quality of Service of cellular mobile network providers in Nigeria and put their effect in quantifiable terms using four leading telecommunication firms viz. MTN-Nigeria, Globacom, Etisalat and Airtel. With a clear choice of information sources, regressional analysis and SPSS was utilized. It was discovered that six factors affect the quality of service of cellular mobile network: Network coverage/ Availability of service(X5), Call quality(X3), Price of service (X4) , Customer care(X2), Diversity of bundle option of service (X1) and Promotion/Offering of Incentive(X6). A predictive model was derived as : Y = 3.731+0.565X5 + 0.440X3 + 0.221X2+ 0.189X4 + 0.165X1 + 0.097X6.The significance of the factors X4, X1 , X2 and X6 depend on X5 and X3, hence Y = 3.731(1+0.1514 X5+0.1179 X3).
Open Access
Analysis of factors militating against successful building construction project delivery in South-East Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-11) Ejiogu, Ejike F.
The study examined the factors militating against successful building construction project delivery in the Southeast, Nigeria with the objective of identifying and analyzing the militating factors for decision purposes. Six (6) militating factors were identified. Based on this, five-point Likert’s scale, questionnaire was designed and distributed to 226 respondents for assessment. The multiple regression analysis result show that the average performance achieved in building onstruction delivery is 27.017 which is statistically low. The model developed show that all the factors with the exception of government policies and level of skilled workmanship exhibited negative influence on building project delivery in the Southeast States. The hypotheses test show that non-adherence to standard building codes is most critical to building project delivery. In view of these findings, the study recommends strict adherence to professional building codes, the creation of enabling environment through policies and programmes that will encourage the proper planning and implementation of building construction projects, Government development policies should be strengthened in order to control inflation and avoid constant increase in the cost of materials for building construction projects. Also, skilled workers should be engaged and, the cost and process of obtaining government approval should be made more affordable and simple so as to encourage improved success in the building project delivery and enhancement of socioeconomic wellbeing of the citizens.
Open Access
Analysis of gender equality opportunities and resource use in cereal value chain: Evidence from youth engagement in rice value chain in Sourth-East, Nigeria.
(Federal University of Technology,Owerri, 2023-09) Tim-Ashama, A. C.
The study analyzed gender equity opportunities and resource use in cereal value chain: evidence from youth engagement in rice value chains in Nigeria. it identify the actors and gender roles along rice value chain; examine by gender, the socioeconomic characteristics of actors along the rice value chain; determine the level of gender equity gap in opportunities along the rice value chain; determine the technical efficiency and sources of inefficiency among male and female actors along the rice value chain; determine the value added and the share of the value added by gender along the rice value chain; estimate the factors affecting value added by gender along rice value chain and, identify the constraints to youth engagement in the rice value chain, by gender. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. The sample size consists of 476 youth rice value chain actors randomly selected from 48 villages across three states in South-East Nigeria. The data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using Modified Gender Equity Index (MGEI), stochastic meta-frontier, value addition and multiple regression models. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, charts and mean were also used to realize some additional results. Results from MGEI show that the level of gender equity opportunities for youth rice producers, processors and marketers were-0.21,-0.21 and-0.04, respectively, indicating inequity against the female youth. The mean technical efficiency for male and female producers are 0.64 and 0.59, processors 0.70 and 0.69 and marketers 0.52 and 0.61. The determinant factors of technical inefficiency among male and female youth in the study area were level of education, membership of cooperative society, years of experience and access to credit. The overall value-added per tonne by the male youth actors was ₦52,281 and the female youth actor was ₦52,229. The share of the value-added by male youth producers, processors and marketers were 51.65%, 49.41% and 47.78% while the female youth were 48.38%, 50.59% and 52.22%, respectively. Some factors affecting value added by actors in rice value chain were level of education, years of experience, capital invested, information and distance to actor’s node. The major constraints to youth engagement in rice value chain include lack of capital to start up, lack of access to credit, drought, lack of access to better technology, high cost of hiring/operating machines, lack of technical knowhow/skills, and stressful nature of rice value chain. In addition, the female processors added marital challenges and responsibilities as a major challenge while recommends that Policies and interventions that ensure equal access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making power for both male and female youth actors should be implemented through targeted training programmes, awareness campaigns and capacity-building initiatives that promote gender equality. In addition, access to affordable credit and financial services for youth involved in rice value chain should be strengthened through establishment of financial institutions and mechanisms specially targeting youth in agricultural sectors.
Open Access
Analysis of the contributing factors to construction schedule overrun in selected public sector projects in Imo State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-10) Opara, Godswill Ngozi
This work seeks to analyze the Contributing Factors to Construction Schedule Overrun in Selected Public Sector Projects in Imo State. The objectives are to: determine and analyze the factors responsible for project schedule overrun in construction projects in Imo State; examine possible individual and collective significant effects of the factors on successful project delivery; examine the impact of schedule overrun on construction projects and; identify the causes of schedule overrun in construction projects and proffer workable solution to them. Questionnaire was developed using the 5-point Likert scale for the collection of primary data. Multiple regression analysis was adopted for the analysis of the collected data. The result obtained shows that government policies and project funding/finance, are significant factors that contribute to construction projects schedule overrun while project technology, force majeure and corruption are not significant. Funding/finance has the highest ranking, project technology ranks the least. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that proper planning should be encouraged; government policies and programmes should be made in such a way that favours timely execution of projects. Adequate financial provisions should be made available to contractors by the government. The use of local raw materials should be encouraged in the execution of contracts. The selection of contractors and other major stakeholders should be based on competence and realistic tender quotations. All efforts should be made to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of design modifications during the project execution.
Open Access
Application of geographical information system (GIS) in selected soil mapping for crop production in selected local Government areas of Abia State, Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-06) Essoribe, Nestor Ugochukwu
This study used Geographic Information System (GIS) as a mapping tool to evaluate the suitability of selected soils of different parent materials for crop production (Tomato, Cabbage, Cucumber and Watermelon) in Southeastern Nigeria. A free survey technique was used in situating soil profile pits. Five (5) Profile pits were dug on each of three (3) dissimilar lithologies, giving a total of fifteen (15) profile Pits. Pits were dug, described and sampled according to FAO (2006). Undisturbed soil samples were collected using core samplers for bulk density and moisture content determination. While soil colour and other morphological properties were determined in-situ. Routine analyses were carried out using standard methods. Ordinary kriging was used to interpolate the values at unsampled location, generating spatial distribution maps for each soil property using geographic information software ArcGIS 10.2. Land suitability evaluation was carried out using FAO(2006) land suitability evaluation method. Soils of Amuro were Sandy Clay , Isiobuzor were Loamy Sand and Umunneochi (Isuochi) were Sandy Loam. The percentage sand content was significantly higher in Umunneochi (856.50g/kg, P<0.01) followed by Isiobuzor(845.30g/kg, P<0.05). Clay content was significantly higher in Amuro (284.50g/kg, P<0.01) and lowest in Isiobuzor (55.910g/kg, P<0.05).While Bulk density was significantly higher in Amuro (1.444gcm, P<0.01) and low in Isiobuzor (1.33gcm, P<0.05). The soils of the areas were acidic irrespective of the parent materials and were ranked thus Isiobuzor>Umunneochi>Amuro. Organic carbon of all the selected soils was generally low and followed thus Umunneochi>Amuro>Isiobuzor. Percentage base saturation was ranked Isiobuzor > Amuro> Umunneochi. Percentage base saturation showed a significant positive correlation with sand (r=0.774, P<0.01) The soil of Umunneochi was highly suitable (S1) for cucumber and watermelon production. The soil of Isiobuzor was moderately suitable(S2) for cucumber and water melon production. the soil of Amuro was not suitable for cucumber and water melon production as a result of the soil texture (NI). All the soils of the study areas were marginally suitable (S3) for Cabbage and tomato production. The soils of Umunneochi and Isiobuzor were classified as Typic Hapludalf(Soil Taxonomy) while the soil of Amuro was classified as Typic Endoaquoll. The kriging map showed that sand was highest at Umunneochi and decreasd down to Amuro and Isiobuzor. Clay content increased from Umunneochi down to Amuro and decreased to Isiobuzor. The moisture content, Bulk density increased from Umunneochi down to Amuro and thereafter decreased to Isiobuzor. Total porosity decreased from Umunneochi down to Amuro thereafter increased at Isiobuzor. Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and base saturation (Bs) increased from Umunneochi down to Amuro and lowest at Isiobuzor. Aluminium (Al), Bulk density (BD), Total nitrogen were highest at Umunneochi and dereased down to Amuro to Isiobuzor.
Open Access
Assessment of streamflow relationship models of selected rivers in southern Nigeria.
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-10) Uzoukwu, Regina Akudo
This study focused on Assessment of Streamflow Relationship Models of Selected Rivers in Southern Nigeria. The rivers include; Cross River, River Niger, Owena River, Owan River, Ikpoba River, Ossiomo River and Imo River. Statistical methods of least squares (regression analysis) were used to develop streamflow mathematical models (Power model, Polynomial model and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model for regression) of the selected rivers. Models performance in calibration and verification were evaluated by means of coefficients of determination, coefficients of correlation, NashSutcliffe model efficiency, mean absolute relative error, percentage bias, root mean square error or standard error of estimate andmean of residuesor mean absolute error. Verification results exhibited a similar pattern in model performance to the calibration results, indicating that the models have good curve fitting. Comparisons of the streamflow models were carried out using One-way ANOVA F-Test, Variance Ratio Test or Snedecor’s F-distribution (F-Test). Further comparisons using graphs and a final comparison using Student’s t-Test were done. The models developed will serve useful purposes in the design of dams, estimation of the sizes of reservoirs, public water supply, flood control and hydropower generation, pisciculture, recreation, irrigation, wild life protection, water sports and tourism thus ushering in an era of socio-economic and industrial development for the Southern Nigeria. This research will play an important role in ensuring that water resources management processes in the Southern Nigeria are scientifically based and efficiently used so as to satisfy the needs of both natural systems and humanity, as being demonstrated in the applications of the calibrated models
Open Access
Assessment of surface water quality of Onuiyieke River in Imo State , Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2019-12) Eze, Chinwe Catherine
The surface water quality of Onuiyieke River was assessed for a period of six months (September, 2017 - February, 2018) at seven sampling locations (SLs) to ascertain its quality status. Measurements were made on samples collected with 500ml sample bottles according to standard methods. Samples for heavy metals were collected in 250ml bottle and fixed with concentrated HN03. Descriptive analysis, variation plots, ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range tests, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Pearson Correlation (r) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to analyze data. Mean values of the parameters obtained were: Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 198.19 ±80.93mg/L; Electrical Conductivity (EC) 331.81 ±59.78µ; Turbidity 18.84 ± 2.22 NTU; Nitrate ions 14.77 ±0.92mg/L; Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 6.58 ±O.22mg/L and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1.77±0.10mg/L. Mean values of the Trace Metals obtained were: Iron (Fe) 1.93 ±0.23mg/L; Magnesium (Mg) 0.22±0.02mg/L and Calcium (Ca) 15.15±1.87mg/L while the mean value of Faecal Coliform was 1.91±O.10MPN/100. pH, EC, TSS, BOD5, turbidity, N03-, Ammonia, Fe and faecal coliforms exceeded the NESREA and WHO maximum permissible limits. There were significant spatial differences in levels of TDS, EC, NO3, NH3, DO and Faecal coliforms (Sig F=0.000 to 0.039) and significant temporal differences in levels of PO43- (Sig F= 0.078 to 1000) between the control and other locations.at p<0.05. Four Principal Components (PCs) formed the extraction solution with a cumulative percentage variability of about 77.67 %. PCs 1, 2, 3, and 4 were most highly correlated with Mg2+ (0.925), NH4 (0.903), TSS (0.930) and temperature (0.840) respectively. The Water Quality Index revealed that the rating for the water quality across the sampling locations was between excellent and unsuitable with SL 3 having the least water quality. Appropriate monitoring procedures for the sustainable development of the river should also be put in place.
Open Access
Assessment of x-ray radiation on x-ray workers and associated potential health problems in Owerri
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2013-06) Onyekaokwu, Okeke Cyriacus
A study on assessment of X-ray radiation among X-ray workers and associated potential health problems in Owerri was carried out with the thermolumolunescent dosimeter between 12th April to 30th December 2011. A total of 50 workers were used for the study. Comprising 24 male X-ray workers and 26 female X-ray workers. The mean X-ray dose below permissible doses is 9.4.7 the T-test is -4.29; the P-value is 0.000. The mean exposure factor is <100 is 88.52 and the standard deviation is 15.88, the standard error mean is 2.25, T-test is -5.11, P-value is 10.000 There is high doses above >20msv upto six test which involve 3 male x-ray workers and 3 female x-ray workers. The result of the study show high rate of hair loss, cancer, cataract, erthyma and sterility, each provide evidence of excess exposure of X-rays. Therefore it is recommended that workers should wear protective device e.g lead aprons, gonads cover during exposure to X-ray and also limit their exposure time
Open Access
Bank regulation and gross domestic credit in Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-09) Ewelike, Queendeanne Nneka
This study empirically assessed the effect of bank regulation on the gross domestic credit in Nigeria, using time series data from 1990 to 2018. Adopting the co integration procedures and the multiple regression, the results revealed prominent among others, that a significant relationship exists between variables of bank regulation and the level of gross domestic credit in Nigeria, taken together. Again, cash reserve ratio, liquidity ratio, and loan-to-deposit ratio had significantly affected the way Nigerian banks offer credit to various sectors of the economy. On the basis of the findingd, the study therefore, concluded among others that the selected bank regulatory instruments are adequate to predict the level of gross domestic credit thus, meaning that they actually exert significant influence on lending activities in the economy. On this premise, the study recommended among others that financial regulators should continue with the policy reforms that consolidate the emerging confidence in the banking sector, and avoid policy somersaults. Similarly, well-articulated banking regulatory policies were recommended to ensure that banks performance is enhanced.
Open Access
Baseline backgroud radiation in offices within Federal University of Technology, Owerri
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-02) Abara, Chinaza Comfort
The background radiation of various offices in the various Departments in Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO) was assessed. The study area is located at N5°23.5615’ and E 6°59.175pp8’. The background radiation level was assessed using a well calibrated digital Geiger – Muller Counter GCA – 04W. The indoor background radiation of about five offices in each of the fifty Departments (also the center for energy and power systems research) in FUTO was measured. The average value of the measured background ionizing radiation (BIR) is 0.0052 µSv/h and standard deviation of 0.0035 µSv/h which is much lower than the world average of 0.274 µSv/h. The highest value obtained was observed in the Department of Food Science and Technology as 0.0873±0.0432µSv/h, while the lowest value was recorded in Mathematics Department as 0.0006±0.0001µSv/h. Radiological hazard indices from the BIR measurement was obtained and the highest value of the absorbed dose rate was recorded in the Department of Food Science and Technology as 75.934 nGy/h. The lowest value was recorded as 0.548 nGy/h in Mathematics Department. The highest value is significantly higher than the world average of 59 nGy/h. For the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), the average value for all the offices is 22.313±14.092 µSv/y, which is lower than the world average of 410 µSv/y. Also, the lowest value of excess life cancer risk(ELCR) is 0.007×10-3in Mathematics. The highest value is 1.024×10-3in Food Science and Technology Department, which is significantly higher than the world average of 0.29×10-3. In the Departments of Crop Science, Financial Management Technology, and Centre for Energy & Power Systems Research, values of 0.301×10-3, 0.351×10-3 and 0.393×10-3 respectively were recorded and found to be higher than the world average value of 0.29×10-3. The results showed that, of all the Departments, the Department of Food science and Technology might pose the highest radiological risk due to having the highest levels of BIR and resulting hazard indices. Generally, FUTO is relatively safe from the hazards of BIR.
Open Access
Bioavailability and genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on two edible vegetables(Amaranthus hybridus and Telfiaria occidentalis)
(Federal University of Technology,Owerri, 2023-11) Ukachukwu, Chidinma Ogochukwu
Bioavailability and genotoxic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in two edible vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus and Telfairia occidentalis) using; physicochemical properties, biotolerence of the vegetables to PAH, molecular characterization, and health risk assessment of consumption of exposed vegetables. The study assessed PAH content in different tropical urban environment using soxhlet extraction flame ionization detection (SEGC-FID) method, physicochemical properties of soil, biotolerance of the two vegetables exposed to different concentrations of spent engine oil, benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]F) and benzo(ghi)perylene (B[ghi]P) in plant species, and health risk associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables. The health risk assessment was done using health assessment models such as screening value (SV), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and margin of exposure (MOE). Molecular characterization of exposed plant species was carried out to determine the level of toxicity on the DNA, through DNA band breaks. This was carried out with three inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers (UBC 811, UBC 827, UBC 808). SE-GCFID method was used for the separation and identification of PAH. The results showed that a total of fourteen PAHs were detected in the different tropical urban environment which includes: acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, 1-2 benzanthene, acenaphthalene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, flourene, naphthalene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, anthracene, benzo(ghi)perylene, fluoranthrene and pyrene. The soil physical properties showed that the moisture content and bulk density where higher in the polluted soil, while porosity was higher in the unpolluted soil. However, the soil textural class remains sandy. In soil chemical properties; soil pH was low, effective cation exchange capacity, exchangeable base, exchangeable acidity and organic carbon were higher in the polluted soil samples. The biotolerance of the two vegetables exposed and unexposed to the pollutants showed low growth performance in the polluted plants as concentration increases. However, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the unexposed and the exposed plants using analysis of variance Dunnet multiple comparison. The result of the genomic effect of these pollutant revealed alteration at genetic level through DNA insertion deletion and changes in band intensity. The three primers showed polymorphism level of 65%, 58% and 18% . The health risk assessment from dietary consumption of PAH contaminated vegetables showed low health risk concern in SV, ILCR and MOE. However, prolong exposure to these pollutants can affect humans as it possesses a high potential to bioaccumulate through the food chain. The study was able to suggest the presence of PAH component in the different tropical urban environs of Owerri. Also the impact of PAH on growth performance of the two plants species showed that it is concentration dependent which was reflected in the DNA of plants species as polymorphism occurred showing variations in DNA.
Open Access
Biochemical analysis of Justicia carnea leaves used as a hematinic
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2024-05) Andrew, Andrew Chimezie
Justicia carnea is the largest genus of Acanthaceae and is a medicinal plant used widely in Nigeria which is reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. The phytochemical, vitamin, mineral, amino acid and roximate compositions, and antioxidant effects of the leaf extract of Justicia carnea were determined using standard methods was the goal of this study. Results of the quantitative phytochemical analyses carried out on the leaves of Justicia carnea recorded appreciable presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalate, and phytate using GC-FID. Ribalinidine with 42.08±0.03 mg/kg was the highest alkaloid, Flavan -3-ol was 21.18±0.02 mg/kg, presented the highest amount of flavonoids, and phytate with 25.69±0.07 mg/kg as the highest antinutrient. Analysis of Justicia carnea leaves recorded iron (8.61 mg/kg) as the major element followed by potassium (5.29±0.11 mg/kg). The concentration of vitamins in Justicia carnea leaves shows vitamin C with the highest value of 232.32±12.26 mg/100g followed by Vitamin A (22.16±2.12 mg/kg. The results of proximate composition on Justicia carnea leaves showed a high concentration of carbohydrate (60.35±3.05 %) and appreciable amounts of ash (15.02±1.01 %), fibre (9.29±0.93 %),protein (8.40±0.41), and low amount of lipid (1.50±0.09 %). The amino acid results showed the presence of both essential and non-essential amino acids with their concentrations in increasing and decreasing order. The results of antioxidant activities assay of the Justicia leaf extract showed that the leaves had better ability to scavenge free radicals at a concentration of 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml but had a drop at 50mg/ml; the standard antioxidant was slightly higher than all the activities of the different concentrations of the extracts. The results of inhibition of lipid peroxidation of the leaf of J. carnea showed that the leaf extracts had a better ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation at a concentration of 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml but had drop at concentrations of 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. The results of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the leaf of J. carnea Showed that the leaf extracts promoted inhibition of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with increasing concentrations. These results obtained showed that leaves of Justicia carnea may serve as rich sources of natural antioxidants, free radical scavengers and should be recommended as a potential source of useful bioactive constituents as vegetable supplement and has no toxic effect and serve as an effective hematinic.
Open Access
Biochemical and carcinogenic effects of monosodium glutate and soya bean in wistar rats
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-07) Bob Chile-Agada, Adaeze
This study was carried out to investigate the biochemical effects of short, medium and long term administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and soya beans in both male and female Wistar rats, using standard methods. LD50 was carried out using rats which led to the choice of 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/kg b.w for low, medium, and high doses of the samples. A total of 210 (105 males and 105 females) weanly Wistar rats weighing 70 – 78g were divided equally into three groups of 70 rats each representing the various experimental durations (2, 4, and 6 months). Each of these groups containing 70 rats was further divided equally into 14 subgroups, each containing 5 rats. Group 1 and 8 were controls for female and male rats fed normal raw chow and saline. Groups 2-7 (female rats) and 9-14 (male rats) were rats administered low dose (LD), medium dose (MD) and high dose (HD) MSG and soya beans respectively. 6-o-Malonylgenistin (98.47%) and Glycitin (98.11%) were the most abundant oestrogen-like compounds in the dehulled and oil of soya beans. The glucose and insulin levels of both male and female rats were significantly altered by HDs of both MSG and soya beans after 6 months while ALT, ALP and AST levels were significantly elevated after 4 and 6 months following administration of both MSG and soya beans and were more extensive in HD soya bean fed rats. No significant changes (P> 0.05) were observed in the urea levels after 2 and 4 months soya beans respective administration to female and male rats, while HD MSG significantly elevated the creatinine levels of male and female rats after 4 and 6 months administration. Administration of soya beans and MSG for 2 and 4 months had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the bicarbonate and chloride levels. The HDL levels were significantly reduced while LDL, TC, and TG were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated after 6months HD administration of MSG and soya beans. Soya beans administration produced no significant change in the SOD levels for female rats and catalase levels in male rats after 2 months administration whereas the MD and HD administration of MSG significantly elevated MDA levels of both male and female rats after 4 and 6 months. Two and four months administration of soya beans and MSG produced no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the LH and FSH of female rats while MD and HD of MSG and soyabean significantly decreased the testosterone and LH of male rats. The colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer markers, and prostate specific antigen levels were significantly elevated after administration of MD and HD of MSG for 2, 4, and 6 months. This study has shown that the high dose administration of monosodium glutamate and soya bean produced delecterious effects on the biochemical parameters and cancer markers on rats after six months extensive administration.
Open Access
Biomass and eco- friendly additives blends for steel protection in acidic media: experimental and computational study
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2023-08) Eziuka, Johngodswill Ebube
The blends of ethanol extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides, PS (Nturukpa leaves), Piper guineense, PG (Uziza seeds), Picrilima nitida, PN (Akuama leaves) and potassium iodide, KI and sodium alginate, SA respectively were investigated as green corrosion inhibitors for the protection of mild steel in 0.5 M HCl and 0.25 M H2SO4 using experimental and computational approach. Results of gravimetric technique revealed corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of 63 % and 43 % at 120 h for mild steel in the presence of 1000 mg/L of PS concentration in 0.5 M HCl and 0.25 M H2SO4 respectively, 81 % and 86 % at 120 h for mild steel in the presence of 1000 mg/L of PG concentration in 0.5 M HCl and 0.25 M H2SO4 respectively, 77 % and 64 % at 120 h for mild steel in the presence of 1000 mg/L of PN concentration in 0.5 M HCl and 0.25 M H2SO4 respectively. progressively the corrosion inhibitor formed by optimal combination of PS, KI, and SA exhibited IE of 97 % at 120 h at room temperature in 0.25 M H2SO4. In addition, characterization studies done on the extracts using GC-MS and UV-Vis equipment revealed the phytochemical constituent’s presence in the extracts, some were selected for theoretical computations based on their abundance. Furthermore, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the chemical indicators responsible for the adsorption and inhibition process within the inhibitor molecules and the binding energy of interaction (that is, adsorption strength) between the inhibitive molecules and Fe crystal (1 1 0) surface. FTIR spectra analysis revealed the possibility of adsorption and interaction of active elements heteroatoms on the mild steel surface. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was also obeyed. Conclusively, SI shows a cooperative synergistic effect as the SI values are above unity.
Open Access
Classification of soils on slopes of varying orientations in Umuahia area of Abia State, South Eastern Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2018-10) Aliba, Vero O.
Slope aspect affects soil properties. The study characterized and classified soils on slopes of varying orientations in Umudike (East-lying Topo sequence) and Itu (West-lying Topo sequence), both in Olokoro Umuahia, southeastern Nigeria. Transect soil sampling technique was employed in locating three distinct positions, namely summit, midslope and foot slope along each of the topo sequences at the East and West-lying orientations. A profile pit was dug at the most representative points of the topo sequences in each of the two locations and the soil profiles were described in situ, following the FAO guidelines. Soil samples were collected from each pedon based on the horizon differentiations and subjected to routine laboratory analyses. The soils were classified using the USDA Soil Taxonomy and correlated with the FAO World Reference Base. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (coefficient of variability and correlation) using the Genstat computer package. Results showed that soils of the East-lying slope were edominantly sandy-clay loam at the summit but sandy clay at the mid and foot slopes, while in the West-lying slope, the texture was dominantly sandy-clay loam at both the summit and mid slope but prominently sandy loam at the foot slope. Soils of East-lying slope had very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) moist to strong brown (7.5YR5/8)moist, dark brown (7.5R3/2) to strong brown (7.5YR5/8) moist, dark gray (5YR4/1) to reddish yellow(7.5R6/8) moist colours at the summit, mid slope and foot slope respectively, while that of the West-lying topo sequence varied from brown (7.5YR4/2) moist to yellowish colour (5YR5/6), very dark grey (7.5YR3/1) moist to yellowish red (5YR5/8),very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) moist to reddish yellow (5YR6/6) moist colours at the summit, midslope and foot slope, respectively. The weathering intensity of the soils varied from moderate to high with silt-clay ratios ranging from 0.04-0.93, 0.04-1.26 and 0.04-0.66 at the summit, mid slope and foot slope respectively, in the East-lying topo sequence and from 0.04-070, 0.27-1.59 and 0.14-1.08 at the summit, mid slope and foot slope respectively, i n the West-lying topo sequence. Bulk densities of soils increased with depth with mean values of 1.36 gcm-3, 1.32 g cm-3, and 1.34 g cm-3 recorded at the summit, slope and foot slope respectively, in the East-lying topo sequence and 1.37 g cm-3 , 1.33 g cm 3 and 1.32 g cm-3 at the summit, mid slope and foot slope respectively, in the West lying topo sequence. High variation (CV>35%) was noted in Ksat in the profiles of the top sequence, with values of Ksat ranging from 0.3-1.11 cm hr-1, 0.19-1.96 cm hr-1and 0.15-1.47 cm hr-1 at the summit, midslope and foot slope, respectively in the West-lying topo sequence whereas in the xiast-lying topo sequence, the values ranged from 0.18-2 cm hr-1 , 0.11-1.97 cm hr-1and 0.12-1.48 hr-1 at the summit, mid slope and foot slope, respectively. Soil pH was very strongly acidic (4.58-4.78) in the East-lying topo sequence but varied from very strongly acidic to strongly acidic (4.52-5.30), in the west lying topo sequence. Organic matter concentration was generally higher at the epipedons and ranged from (26.44to 23.36) gkg-1 and (30.64to 18.9) gkg-1 in soils of the East-lying and West-lying slopes, respectively. Effective cation exchange capacity varied from (8.63- 13.79) cmolkg-1 in the East-lying topo sequence and (10.42- 16.31) cmolkg-1 in the West –lying topo sequence. Soils of East-lying topo sequence were classified as Grossarenic Paleudalfs, Typic Paleudalfs and Arenic Hapludalfs Typic (USDA) at the summit, midslope and footslope, respectively and correlated with Mollic Luvisols of the World Reference Base (WRB) whereas the soils of West-lying slope were classified as Arenic Glossudalfs, Typic Paleudalfs and Typic Ferrudalfs (USDA) at the summit, midslope and footslope, respectively which correlate to Haplic Albeluvisols of the WRB (FAO) legend
Open Access
Communication factors for managing construction projects delivery amidst corona virus pandemic in Anamabra State
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2022-11) Chukwuneke, Chetanna Jude
The activities of the construction industry are very vital to the growth anddevelopment of every society especially in developing nations like Nigeria, but the success of a project largely depends on the efficiency of its communication network, especially in the wave of Corona virus (COVID 19) with its attendant protocols. The restriction on movement due to lockdown during this time has really bridged the communication factors. This research therefore is on communication factors for managing construction projects delivery amidst Corona Virus pandemic in Anambra State. To elicit responses for the study, specific objectives include: to identify the major communication factors affecting managing construction projects delivery amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Anambra state, to analyze the extent of effect of drone technology for managing construction projects delivery amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Anambra state, to evaluate the influence of written communication in managing construction projects delivery amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Anambra and to investigate the extent of effect of communication with a social medium on project delivery performance amid COVID-19 pandemic in Anambra State while hypotheses and research questions were also formulated to align with the objectives of the study. Literatures were reviewed, and the study adopted exploratory survey research designs. Data were sourced from 87 respondents from the company. The instrument was validated and was also subjected to reliability which has internal consistency of 0.7r was used for data collection. A test re-test method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and the result were appropriately scored. The data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that Oral and visual communication, social media communication, electronic communication and written communication are the major communicating factors for the company during pandemic. Recommendations were made towards adopting appropriate communication factors during construction project delivery in Anambra State during COVID-19 pandemic.
Open Access
Comparative analysis of IPR models for oil & gas well optimization using production performance software (PERFORM) for steady state horizontal wells
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-04) Nwude, Afam Anthony
In this work an investigation of the formulations and solution methods for the following optimization problem was done. Determination of the optimal production rates, lift gas rates, and well connections to maximize daily operational objectives subject to multiple flow rates and pressure constraints.The main materials used in this research are presented as software platforms. IHS PERFORM Ver 500 simulator was used to generate PI, determine Inflow and Vertical Lift Performance of the case study well at varying well pressure and flow rates (first on natural flow without artificial lift installed). Microsoft Excel package was used for Economic Analysis to determine the profitability of PERFORM when compared with other software tool such as Petex-Prosper, or with no software tool used. All of the optimization problems are solved using derivative-free optimization based on a constrained well Performance Analysis, PERFORM. General descriptions of the software simulations were provided in the work. Results of the sensitivity analysis on the hypothetical case using the IPR Models for horizontal gas wells provided the effect on pressure and liquid drop out.This method is very efficient. However, it may lead to bad solutions when the flow interactions among wells are significant.
Open Access
Constituent budget and pollution models of Njaba River and its sediments, SouthEastern Nigeria
(Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2021-12) Abiahu, Chidimma Maria Goratti
The physical, microbial, and geochemical properties of the Njaba River and its sediments were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), digital meters, and Total Plate Counts. A total of ten (10) surface water samples, five (5) soil samples, and five (5) sediment samples were obtained at five gauge stations (S1 to S5) designated at equal intervals of 2 km along the stretch of the river. The results of the water showed a slightly acidic to alkaline composition (6.44-6.77). This trend was also noticed in the soil samples within the river basin (6.24- 6.64) while the river sediment samples revealed pH values ranging between 6.30-6.52. The Odour of the water was unobjectionable while the appearance was slightly brownish. The presence of heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Si, and Zn was within the acceptable limits. On the other hand, the concentration of Hg which ranged between 0.001-0.071 mg/l and Pb with values between 0.060-0.23 mg/l were above acceptable limits of the FME Standard at most of the stations. The microbial assay of the water, soil, and sediments revealed the presence of organisms such as Ecoli bacteria, pseudomonas, fecal coliform, and fungi. The constituent budget of the Njaba River analyzed at Okwudor and Oguta over a period of eight years (2011 – 2019) and seven years (2012 – 2019) respectively revealed an increasing loading rate of the following constituents( Ca2+ 0.013, Mg2+ 0.70, Na+0.013, K+1.68, SO2-4 0.29, NO 3 0.15, Cl- 2.97, and PO-34 0.063 ) within the Njaba River with a decline in the concentration of HCO 3 (-0.63) at Okwudor and a decline of NO 3 (-0.03) at Oguta Lake. Pollution and ecological assessment models like Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index, Enrichment Factor, and Geoaccumulation Index(Igeo) were used to infer contamination levels of heavy metals in the soil and stream sediments. The CF results revealed Hg (0.46), Pb(2.35E-4 to 0.02), Al(ND), Zn (5.71E-4 to 1.2E-3)which shows low contamination factor in soil, the same trend was also found in the sediments with Hg (0.277), Pb (2.63E-6), Al (ND), Zn (3.64E-4 to 8.14E-4) and Fe(2.10E-6 to 2.63E-6) while the water samples have very high contamination factor for Pb (6.0 to 23), Hg revealed moderately contamination to very high contamination (0.1 to 7.1), Al (ND), Zn (0.192 to 0.403) and Fe (0.1 to 0.93). The I-geo revealed uncontaminated to moderately contaminated in the soil and stream sediment samples with Hg (0.28),>Pb( 1.57E-4 to 0.01),>Zn( 3.83E-4 to 8.04E-4), and Al(ND) for the soil samples while the stream sediments were in order of Hg (0.277),>Pb (1.15E-3 to 1.27E-3),>Zn (3.64E-4 to 8.14E-4) and Al (ND). The EF revealed low to minimal enrichment for the soil and stream sediment samples with Hg (0), Pb (0.303 to 1.000), Si ( 1.000 to 1.053), Zn (0.491 to 1.000) and Al (0) in soil and Hg (0), Pb (0.907 to 1.000), Si (1.000 to 1.282), Zn (0.051 to 0.114), Fe (0.800 to 1.000) and AL (ND) for stream sediments. The river water is however suitable for agricultural purposes based on the calculated SAR values with the dominant hydrogeochemical facies given as Na+K+Cl water type. In conclusion, there is a need for necessary treatment procedures which should be applied to raise the quality of the river water to the FME standards for safe drinking water for example the pH can be corrected (raised) using sodium bicarbonate (soda ash). The heavy metals can be treated using ascorbic or ion exchange methods while the microbial assay can be improved upon subjection to treatment using chlorine.